1. Environmental Science FIRST EDITION Andrew Friedland Rick Relyea © 2012 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 5 Evolution of Biodiversity

2. F. assafoetida – Dung of the Devil

3. Nature’s Pharmacy Rosy periwinkle

4. Species Diversity …in a healthy forest

5. Plantation -v- Forest

6. Ecosystem Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity

7. Species: A population of organisms With shared characteristics Capable of interbreeding, and Producing fertile offspring In nature

8. How diverse are insect populations in the rainforest? What group of insects is most abundant? Where do most insects reside within the rainforest?

10. Species Richness -v- Evenness

11. Derived Trait

13. Environmental pressures affect phenotype

14. Artificial Selection

16. A mechanism to explain how evolution works Principles of Natural Selection

17. Over-reproduction Producing more offspring than can possibly survive in nature Why would an organism waste all of this energy? Because many will not survive, (life’s hard!!), having many offspring ensures that at least some will survive

18. Variation Organisms have differences in the their phenotypes, their characteristics. We’re not all identical!! Sources of variation: 1.mutation 2.meiosis: a.Crossing over b.Independent assortment 3.Sexual reproduction

19. Struggle for Survival Organisms must compete for limited resources What do they compete for? 1.Food 2.Water 3.Mates 4.Territory 5.Shelter

20. Survival of the Fittest Only those organisms best adapted to their environment can survive (and pass on their DNA!) What will happens to populations of organisms over time? A population becomes better suited to its environment.

21. What makes an organism/population/species fit? Adaptation: –A structure, behavior or internal process that makes an organism better suited to its environment Evolution: –Occurs to a population (species), not an individual

28. Hardy Weinberg Equation p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 What does this mean? A population is comprised of the sum of its various genotypes, and this should remain constant. But it doesn’t remain constant. Ever. It does give us a baseline from which to evaluate change. What factors cause the frequencies of genotypes to change?

35. Allopatric Speciation

36. EURASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA INDIA 135 million years ago Present 65 million years ago 225 million years ago 120° 80° 0° 120 ° 80° 40° 120° GONDWANALAND 120 ° LAURASIA PANGAEA ANTARCTICA AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA

38. Sympatric speciation through polyploidy

40. Ability of a Species to Adapt to Change

43. ……R and K strategists, coming soon

44. Range of Tolerance for a Species Just one of many factors

45. Is it better to be a generalist?

46. …or a specialist?

47. How do we collect this data?

48. Predicting Future Species’ Distribution

49. The Fossil Record

50. Mass Extinctions & Explosions of Life

52. An FRQ, to ponder.