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Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Why study chemistry in an Anatomy and Physiology class ? - body functions depend on cellular functions - cellular functions.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Why study chemistry in an Anatomy and Physiology class ? - body functions depend on cellular functions - cellular functions."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Why study chemistry in an Anatomy and Physiology class ? - body functions depend on cellular functions - cellular functions result from chemical changes - biochemistry helps to explain physiological processes, and develop new drugs and methods for treating diseases 2-2

2 Structure of Matter Matter – Elements – composed of chemically identical atoms bulk elements – trace elements – Atoms – smallest particle of an element 2-3

3 Molecules and Compounds Molecules – particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine Compound – particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine Molecular formulas – depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule H 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 H 2 O 2-7

4 Ionic Bond an attraction between a cation and an anion Ionic Bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

5 Covalent Bond Formed when atoms share electrons Hydrogen atoms form single bonds Oxygen atoms form two bonds Nitrogen atoms form three bonds Carbon atoms form four bonds H ― H O = O N ≡ N O = C = O 2-11

6 Structural Formula Structural formulas show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules 2-12

7 Polar Molecules Polar Molecule results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds water is an important polar molecule 2-13

8 Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bond a weak attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule formed between water molecules important for protein and nucleic acid structure 2-14

9 Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules Reactants- Products- NaCl ’ Na + + Cl - ReactantProducts 2-15

10 Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction – A + B ’ AB Decomposition Reaction – AB ’ A + B Exchange Reaction – AB + CD ’ AD + CB Reversible Reaction – A + B AB 2-16

11 Acids, Bases, and Salts Electrolytes – substances that release ions in water Acids – electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water HCl  H + + Cl - Bases – substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions NaOH  Na + + OH - Salts – electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base NaCl  Na + + Cl - HCl + NaOH  H 2 O + NaCl 2-17

12 Acid and Base Concentrations pH scale - indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Neutral – pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H + and OH - Acidic – pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H + Basic or alkaline – pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH - 2-18

13 Organic Versus Inorganic Organic molecules contain C and H carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Inorganic molecules generally do not contain C water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts 2-19

14 Inorganic Substances Water major component of all body fluids medium for most metabolic reactions important role in transporting chemicals in the body can absorb and transport heat Oxygen (O 2 ) - -necessary for survival 2-20

15 Inorganic Substances Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) must be removed from the body Inorganic salts abundant in body fluids sources of necessary ions (Na +, Cl -, K +, Ca 2+, etc.) play important roles in metabolic processes 2-21

16 Organic Substances Carbohydrates provide energy to cells supply materials to build cell structures water-soluble contain C, H, and O ratio of H to O close to 2:1 (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) monosaccharides – glucose, fructose disaccharides – sucrose, lactose polysaccharides – glycogen, cellulose 2-22

17 Organic Substances Carbohydrates 2-23

18 Organic Substances Lipids soluble in organic solvents fats (triglycerides) used primarily for energy contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C 57 H 110 O 6 ) building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule saturated and unsaturated 2-24

19 Organic Substances Lipids phospholipids building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule hydrophilic and hydrophobic major component of cell membranes 2-25

20 Organic Substances Lipids phospholipids building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule hydrophilic and hydrophobic major component of cell membranes 2-25

21 Organic Substances Lipids steroids connected rings of carbon component of cell membrane used to synthesize hormones cholesterol 2-26

22 Organic Substances Proteins structural material energy source hormones receptors enzymes antibodies building blocks are amino acids amino acids held together with peptide bonds 2-27

23 Organic Substances Proteins Four Levels of Structure 2-28

24 Organic Substances Nucleic Acids constitute genes play role in protein synthesis building blocks are nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double polynucleotide RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single polynucleotide 2-29

25 Organic Substances Nucleic Acids 2-30 DNA 2.movDNA 3.movDNA 4.mov

26 Clinical Applications Radioactive Isotopes Reveal Physiology can be detected in the body using a scintillation counter injected into the body different types taken up by different organs can be used to destroy specific tissues commonly used iodine-131 for thyroid function thallium-201 for heart function gallium-67 and cobalt-60 for cancer others used to assess kidney functions, measure hormone levels and bone density changes 2-31


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