1. CHANNEL AWARE MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS Supervisor – Dr. Ketan Rajawat PALASH KATIYAR(10475) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

2. Cognitive Radios and MAC Designing  Cognitive radio is a novel method that might propose new solutions for the problem of starved usage of spectrum  Medium Access control designing is a challenging topic – A highly dynamic scenario  A Cognitive radio medium access scheme should perform  Channel Sensing  Detection of primary users  Dynamic channel selection  Robust channel switching mechanism  Improve overall usage in both licensed and unlicensed bands

3. Control information exchange in design of distributed MAC  Overhead considerably higher than that in simple wireless networks  Most of the schemes exploit out of band signaling  Use of a dedicated control channel is quite popular – a widely accepted idea  Use of IEEE 802.11 DCF [5] like architecture is also very common

4. Existing Approaches IEEE 802. 22 [3] WRAN standard  Aimed at using CR techniques to allow sharing of unused spectrum allocated to television broadcast services [4] What is WRAN - A WRAN network uses the white spaces in television broadcasts to facilitate broadband access. The point of a WRAN is to provide Internet access to areas that are difficult to reach by other means.  The standard is centralized and does not serve distributed architecture  No such standard exists for medium access in a distributed network cases

5. Channel aware MAC schemes  Exploit the Channel state information around a user  Better model the competitive scenario a user faces  Makes a user aware of the surroundings it is operating in and enables it to make independent decisions  Makes competition fair and ensure good throughput values, many of channel aware schemes have achieved throughput values comparable to centralized scheduling schemes  Some example of prior works done in this fields are - CAD-MAC [7] and CAAC [8]

6. Channel Aware Distributed MAC(CAD- MAC[7])  Protocol selects the best links in terms of channel states and therefore achieves performance close to that of centralized schedulers  A threshold driven protocol, calculation and modification of thresholds define the performance  The skeleton for working of the protocols is as follows :

7. Time frame organization in CAD-MAC[7] TIME FRAME COMPOSITION IN CAD-MAC

8. If Gains > Threshold Values, then only a user participates in channel contention Performs signaling exchange with the receiver A user that is active – Checks Thresholds Against Its Channel Gain Estimates Leaves contention if successfully negotiated, or else starts again, updates threshold values

9. Protocol Working  Only the best links are selected in a neighborhood  Unsuccessful transmitters change their behavior by updating the threshold values  Upon collision of requests – transmitters react by increasing threshold values  Upon reception of IDLE signals - transmitters react by decreasing threshold values  Cycle continues for a maximum allotted time

10. Detailed Working procedure of the Single Channel CAD-MAC design

11. Work Done in Previous Semester  Reproduced the results published in the research paper [7], related to the simulation of the single channel case of the proposed protocol  Extended the protocol design for the multiband case  Simulated for networks with 2 bands only and one primary user  Followed threshold updating mechanism as used for single channel case for the multiband case also

12. Proposal For This Semester  - Updating threshold calculation mechanism for multiband case  - Testing the protocol on more number of Secondary users, more number of Bands and more number of Primary users and evaluate its performance

13. An Example – Setting Threshold Values

14.  We propose the use only one threshold value to control the activity of a user in control signaling exchange  The spectral environment changes around a secondary user almost every CRS  Some users might win, some might give up and some may keep silent – all of this happens across the spectrum  Therefore, it will not be possible to maintain different thresholds for different bands  Also it is not possible for a transmitter to keep track of the reservations of all the channels and maintain individual thresholds  All the control signaling occurs on one channel

15. Channel gain between two users in such networks – General Case

17. Threshold value updating for the case where a user switches  Calculate the new CDF between users i and j,without including the individual CDFs of the channels that are not free  Calculate new set of probabilities, with changed sets |N|, |T|, and |L|.  Update these values and follow routine procedure with changed values, until another switch occurs

18. Example test case with presence of both primary and secondary users

19. Revised control signaling exchange

21. Threshold Value behavior for a typical user in Multiband case, in presence of primary users Threshold values

22. Protocol Performance with one, two and three primary users, in environments with 4 and 6 free channels available to users

23. Results And Conclusions  We are able to see that the application of a slotted aloha protocol for contention among users with varying spectral opportunities can produce good values of network throughput for secondary users.  Not only our design is able to fairly choose interference free links among the contending users making it highly probable the selection of those links with comparably better channel states in a neighborhood  We were able to implement the protocol for network cases with both primary and secondary users present.

24. References [1]. By Raghvendra Rao, Qi Cheng, Aditya Kelkar and Dhavel Chaudhary, in ICAST global community magazine [2]. Ekram Hossain, Vijay K. Bhargava (2007) Cognitive Wireless Communication Networks, 1st edition, Springer, New York. [3]. C. M. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, and D. Birru, \IEEE 802.22: An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios, J. Commun., Special Issue from selected papers from DySPAN 2005, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 328337, April 2006 (Invited Paper). [4]. http ://en:wikipedia:org/wiki/CognitiveRadio [5]. IEEE 802.11 WG,\Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specication, in IEEE Std 802.11-1999, August 1999.

25. References [6]. Antonio De Domenico, Emilio Calvanese Strinati, and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto,\A Survey on MAC Strategies for Cognitive Radio Networks,“ IEEE communications surveys and tutorials, Vol. 14, NO. 1, first quarter 2012 [7]. Guowang Miao, Ye(Georey)Li and Ananthram Swami,\Channel aware distributed Medium Access control", in IEEE/ACM transactions on networking, Vol. 20, No. 4,August 2012. [8]. Bo Yang, Gang Feng, Yanyan Shen, Chengnian Long, Xinping Guan,\Channel-Aware Access for Cognitive Radio Networks", IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, VOL. 58, NO. 7, September 2009.