1. History studies the development of Human Societies

2. Historians study the development of human societies; in other words how groups of human beings evolved from the earliest times to the present

3. Questions Historians Answer What is the order in which events occurred? This is called “chronology” Why did events happen? Why were people / events important?

4. There are several types of sources that historians use to assemble a picture of the past. A) Unwritten sources ( ex. tools, weapons, jewelry, houses, furniture graves, DNA). B) Written sources (documents, maps, letters, plays, novels, newspapers, ) C) Creative Works (music, film, radio broadcasts )

5. Human Labor and Creativity resulted in the formation of complex societies, also known as civilizations

6. Civilizations are known for an advanced material and spiritual culture Civilizations may be subdivided into several components: Society: composed of many social groups (ex: rich vs. poor, literate vs. illiterate, religious v. non religious etc) Politics (government, diplomacy,war) Economics (money, tools, work housing, economic arrangements Culture (religion, art, science, literature)

7. Civilization = Cities + SPEC

8. Chronology is essential to the study of history events have to be understood in the order in which they occurred Chronology uses the following time units Year (355/356/days) Decade ( 10 years) Century (100 years( Millennium (1000 years) Note: There are two main historical areas : Before Christ or after Christ. But most historians use Before Common Era (BCE ) or CE (Common Era)

9. NOTE! BCE dates are counted backwards (ex: 600-500 BCE) Just like AD, the CE system counts the birth of Jesus as year 1 The trick to remembering how years run in BC to AD is to count down to zero for BC and then count up from zero for AD. So if someone was born 10 BC and then died 36 AD, then that person was 46 years old when they passed.

10. Chronology - Continued Prehistoric Era Antiquity Medieval Modern Contemporary Universal History National Histories Note: History emerges with the invention of writing! Note: In national histories, certain historical eras (ex; medieval) may be absent. Other national histories encompass all stages.