2. Nation States

3. Capitalism Read Highlight Weber Hegel March through time Smith a hero Marx Class Struggle Weber Protestant Ethic –No were but the west

4. The Crimean War (1854-1856) 1. ended the "Concert of Europe 2. Russia vs. Turks 3. GB Threatened in Med 4. shattered the image of an invincible Russia 5. Balaclava

5. Florence Nightingale Camp followers Nurse “ women doctors” Starts opening doors

6. Unification of Italy 1. Mazzini and "Young Italy" (the "Heart" of the It. Unif. Movement). 1830s 2.War and diplomacy Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead under Cavour (the "Head" of the It. Unif. Movement). 1850s 3. Garibaldi and his "Red Shirts" from the south (the "Sword" of the It. Unif. Movement) 4.Victor Emanuel

7. Italy's problems after unification: 1.weak government 2. Church hostility. 3.poor economic conditions.Lack of major raw materials necessary for rapid industrialization. 4.Italian militarism and ambition for colonies

8. Unification of Germany: 1. Zollverein. 2. the Frankfurt Assembly (1848).

9. Bismarck 1.Architect of German unification? 2.Lesser Germany 3.Prussia 4.No Austria 5.See video

10. BLOOD and IRON 1.the Danish War (1864). 2.the Austro-Prussian War (1866). 3.the North German Confederation (1867). 4.the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

11. the German Empire under Bismarck 1.autocracy, yet some social reforms (national insurance, etc.) 2.Prussian domination (Junkers) 3. rapid industrialization. 4.Militarism 5.persecution of Catholics --> Kulturkampf laws 6. anti-Semitic propaganda increases.

12. Congress of Berlin. 1.the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918): 2.militarism (built up the army and navy) 3. naval arms buildup contest with Britain 4. the creation of a German colonial empire 5. German imperialism, especially in Africa.

13. Liberal Britain: 1.further reduced property qualifications for voting. 2.The Reform Act of 1867

14. Gladstone's ministries witnessed the culmination of British liberalism the Education Act of 1870 "Lesser (or Smaller) Britain imperialist policy home rule for Ireland.

15. Disraeli and the Tory party cultivation of the growing labor vote through reforms of their own Liberal decisions because inevitable "Greater Britain" imperialist policy The sun never sets on the British Empire! (Queen Victoria as Empress of India)

16. The "Irish Question" was a major issue in British politics in the late 19c. Read and take notes 830-832 Cromwell Home Rule Catholic Provinces Protestant Provinces Irish vs. English culture Economic IRA

17. Late 19c economic decline new eco. superpowers on the horizon US Germany Japan

18. Mid- to Late-19c France:

19. France under Napoleon III

20. The Paris "Commune.

21. The Third French Republic (1875-1940) A.several government scandals (Ex: the Boulanger Affair). B.the Dreyfus Affair C. and caused social and political divisions and suspicions D. would continue to mark this government until the German occupation of France in 1940.

22. Disruption of Multi-National Empires

23. A. The Austrian Empire A. Emperor Franz Joseph: B. "divide-and-rule" policy. (Keep the multi- national groups at each others' throat C. Dual Monarchy (Compromise of 1867) -- > co-empire of Austria-Hungary

24. the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire A. the "Sick Man of Europe“ B.Balkan discontent --> the "Powderkeg of Europe".

25. Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) A. Russia became more influential in the Balkans B.protector of Orthodox Christians

26. First Balkan War (1912-1913) A. the Balkans became a series of independent nation-states, B. the largest being Serbia. C.the "Young Turk" revolution for Turkish modernization under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

27. Russia: A. Czar Alexander II was only a reformer within the limits of his own autocracy B. emancipated the Russian serfs C. He was assassinated in 1881 by an anarchist. D.Czar Alexander III, his son E. ended any reforms and ruled through strong autocratic measures F.a new Russification policy was enforced

28. Major Political Trends at the End of the 19c: A.The unity of nations was no longer based on dynastic links, B. but on ethnic, cultural, linguistic and historical bonds. C.The major sources of future discontent would arise from the demands of labor to enter the politica processes and the still unsatisfied aspirations of subject nationalities.