1. Cognition Psychology 3906

2. Introduction Basically we are talking about thinking Problem solving Memory categorization

3. Categorization We are VERY good at this Typicality is important A penguin is less birdlike than a robin A dolphin is less mammalish than a dog Boster and D’Andrade (1989) had experts, non experts and local tribespeople classify birds, all agreed

4. We think in categories That whole semantic network thing So natural categories are good Even man made ones are pretty good What about stereotypes Oh no of course not Err umm, they are ok actually (in fact we UNDERESTIMATE proclivities of groups!) Depends on how you use them

5. Memory Boy do we run in to a heck of a lot of stuff on a moment by moment basis We don’t remember it all An efficient memory, like ours or any other species’ forgets, or does not even process much of what it encounters

7. Putting evolution and cognition together, an example Anderson and Krebs, 1978 Mathematical model of when food storing should evolve Food storing can only evolve if you recover your own caches Sherry, Avery and Stevens (1981) Birds seem to recover own seeds using memory

8. More data Shettleworth and Krebs, 1982 Marsh tits storing seeds in a lab Better at recovery of cached seeds than randomly placed seeds Half of seeds removed They are using memory In other general memory tests, there have been clear differences between storers and non storers in the corvid family

9. We have already discussed the hippocampal differences But what about the parids? Data are equivocal Maybe it is not how much they remember, but how they remember

10. Qualitative vs. Quantitative differences Brodbeck and his colleagues…. (ahem) pioneered this type of work Comparing storers and non storers on what they remember in different tasts Brodbeck, 1994; Brodbeck and Shettleworth, 1995

11. Brodbeck, 1994 Chickadees would find a seed in a feeder Usually return later and eat it Move them around to dissociate colour and spatial location The chickadees responded last to the correctly coloured feeder Non storing Dark Eyed Juncos responded to all three cue types equally

12. And the comparisons continue Same thing on a smaller scale using a computer touch sensitive monitor Birds rewarded for going to one place and not another Different coloured patches Switch them around Chickadees rely on space, juncos do not Indeed, in another experiment it was determined that chickadees when directly tested to very poorly on coulor!

13. Functionally Well functionally this makes a lot of sense Birds remember WHERE something is, not what colour it is Colours change That line of trees over there is still going to be over there However, the strange result really is that of the junco! Brodbeck, Boisvert, Vaughan and Grant (1997)

14. Problem Solving Wason Selection task DF37BeerCoke2516

15. Social context Cheater detection is easy Not familiarity with the content Even with toddlers! The Big Bird problem

16. Probability information We are not good at probability Seems odd though Gambler’s fallacy We are better at doing ‘intuitive statistics when given frequency data

17. Sex Differences They exist, no matter what you have been told. This, for reasons that escape me, scares some people Hormonal effects on spatial ability Not really surprising

18. Conclusions Cognition has been affected by selection Memory is efficient Logic is easy if it involves cheater detection There are sex differences We are pretty good intuitive statisticians