1. Chapter 7

2. Refugees fleeing Rwanda 1994

3. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Geographer Gillian Rose defines identity as “how we make sense of ourselves.” We construct our own identities through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections Identifying against other people: define the “Other,” and then we define ourselves in opposing terms

4. Ethnicity Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Comes from the Greek work ethnikos, which means national.

5. Does not exist on a scientific level, despite influence of the idea. Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not. Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature. Based on a three category system developed in Europe in the 18th century: caucasians, mongoloids, and blacks. The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins. Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation. We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.” Race

6. What is ethnicity? How is it different than race? 1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc... 2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place. KazakhThaiChinese ArmenianTurkish Puerto Rican JapaneseMongolian

7. General Vocabulary Prejudice- An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. A preconceived preference or idea Bias- A preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment. An unfair act or policy Stereotype- A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image. One that is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type Xenophobia- A person unduly fearful or contemptuous of that which is foreign, especially of strangers or foreign peoples Shatterbelt- A region of the world in which there are a large number of small states with a lot of “state problems” overbounding underbounding and stateless nations Barrio- A chiefly Spanish-speaking community or neighborhood in a U.S. city

8. General Vocabulary Ethnic enclave- A country or part of a country lying wholly within the boundaries of another Ethnic exclave- A part of a country that is isolated from the main part and is surrounded by foreign territory Ghetto- A section of a city occupied by a minority group who live there especially because of social, economic, or legal pressure Blockbusting- The practice of persuading white homeowners to sell quickly and usually at a loss by appealing to the fear that minority groups and especially Black people will move into the neighborhood, causing property values to decline. The property is then resold at inflated prices. Tipping point- The culmination of a build-up of small changes that effects a big change

9. Importance of Ethnicity Ethnic identity is immutable: we can not choose to change it…it can be diluted, but never completely disappears. No global domination attempt…ethnic groups are fighting with each other to control specific areas. Ethnicity is the protector of local diversity and folk cultures.

10. African-Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

11. African-Americans 12.4 (12.9)% of U.S. population 60% of African Americans live in 10 states: NY, CA, TX, FL, GA, IL, NC, MD, MI, LA. 5 of these had more than 2 million each: NY, CA, TX, FL and GA 54% of blacks live in the South, 19% in Midwest, 18% in NE, and 10% in West

12. African American More than half of blacks live in cities (compared to ¼ of all Americans). Detroit Blacks comprise ¾ of population 1/10 of Michigan’s population

13. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.

14. Hispanics Now the largest minority 38.8 million (of 288.4 million total) 13.4 % of U.S. population (July 1, 2002) 1in 3 Hispanics were under age of 18 Nearly 5 in 10 lived in central cities 21% were below poverty line Hispanic kids represented 18% of all children, 30% of children in poverty

15. Hispanics Mexicans are the largest group—more than 60% Puerto Ricans are second Cubans third Hispanic account for half of the growth in our population; half of the growth in Hispanic population is due to migration

16. Hispanics Half of Hispanics lived in California or Texas. ¾ of Hispanics lived in the West or South. Puerto Ricans live in NY, FL, NJ, PA 2/3 of Cubans live in FL Hispanics can be any race. Hispanics/Latinos

17. Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

18. Asian Americans 11.9 million (4.2 %) 9% growth rate (fastest) 20% of the 11.9 million are Chinese Filipinos are second largest 50% of Asians lived in 3 states: CA, NY,HA 49% in West, 20% in NE, 19% in South and 12% in Midwest 57% of all the people reporting as Asian lived in 10 states: CA, NY, HA, TX, NJ, IL,WA, FL, VA, MA 44% of Asian and PI age 25 + had BA degree or higher; 86 had at least HS

19. Native Americans in the U.S.

20. American Indian and Alaska Native 4.1 million (1.5%) Lowest annual income Highest unemployment Clustered in the West (43%), 31% in South, 17% in Midwest, and 9% in NE Largest states: Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico

21. Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city. Clustering of ethnicities can occur at two scales. Particular regions of the country Particular neighborhoods within cities

22. Geographers Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton: residential segregation is the “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.” Five measures of segregation: evenness, exposure, concentrated, centralized, clustered. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Residential Segregation

23. Highest Rate of Residential Segregation for African Americans : Milwaukee, Wisconsin

24. Lowest Rate of Residential Segregation for Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore for Asians/Pacific Islanders: Baltimore, Maryland

25. Invasion and Succession: new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups. Identities in Neighborhoods change over time:

26. Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

27. Sense of Place We infuse places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions. Our sense of place becomes part of our identity and our identity affects the ways we define and experience place.

28. Ethnic Diversity, New York City

29. How does a place change when the people who live there change?

30. African-American Migration Patterns Three major migration flows have shaped the current distribution of African Americans within the United States Immigration from Africa to the United States in the 18 th century Immigration from the U.S. South to the northern cities in the early 1900’s Immigration from the inner cities to the suburbs in the mid 1950’s to today

31. Triangular Slave Trade Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

32. African Source Areas for Slavery Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

33. Diagram of a Slave Ship

34. Slavery Banned Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution after the South surrendered This amendment outlawed slavery The aftermath Many African-Americans remained in the South to work as sharecroppers A sharecropper works on a rented field, and pays the landowner by giving them a portion of their crops This system caused lots of debt, and kept many African- Americans in poverty

35. Cotton Sharecroppers in U.S. Works in fields rented from a landowner and pays rent in crops grown to the landowner. Sharecroppers easily get into debt from having to buy supplies and food from the landowner at an inflated cost since most of the crops grown are given over to the landlord and not saved for eating or for sale by the sharecropper

36. African American Migration in the U.S., 20 th century Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Think chain migration

37. Immigration to the North As sharecropping began to decline, many African- Americans were pulled to the North by the promise of industrial jobs There were two large immigration waves: before and after World War I, and before and after World War II Both wars caused a demand for industrial products

38. In the ghetto When they arrived in the cities, there were very few places they could afford to live Many new immigrants clustered in small, ethnic neighborhoods (Southside of Chicago) There was a high population density with as many as 100,000 people per square mile

39. African Americans in Baltimore Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

40. Segregation in the U.S.

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42. “White Flight” The process that describes the behavior of white homeowners who left their neighborhoods to escape integration Blockbusting

43. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 5.12 Belfast, Northern Ireland. The mural features images of women who lost their lives in the conflict, including Maureen Meehan, who was shot by the British Army and Anne Parker, who died when the bomb she planned to detonate exploded prematurely. © AP/Wide World Photos. How Does Geography Reflect and Shape Power Relationships Among Groups of People?

44. What role does European Imperialism play in ethnic conflict? As Europeans expanded colonies, in search of both new markets and natural resources, the political and economic scramble for land was important. The race to control Africa, as witnessed in The Berlin Conference 1884-1885, began with major European countries such as Germany, France, Belgium and Great Britain dividing up land without reference to the native peoples of the continent nor allowing native peoples a voice.

45. The Berlin Conference From 1885 until 1914, Africa was carved up by European interest leaving only Ethiopia and Liberia independent. This division of land blended ethnicities together within newly created colonies/states with forced nationality. True borders and cultural characteristics where not utilized.

46. The Berlin Conference and Africa, 1914 Compare this map with the map on pg. 240 in the textbook.

47. Ethnicities in Africa Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

48. Horn of Africa Sudanese civil war between rival ethnic groups of control of the country has created the genocide associated with the Darfur region of Sudan. Currently, Arab-Muslim controlled Sudan has fought against the African-Christian and African-Animist of the southern region. More than 2 million Sudanese have died in the Civil War and another 1 million are refugees. Sudanese nationality has served as a _____________ force.

49. Horn of Africa Somalia, primarily Sunni Muslim and speak Somali – has a national history. However, the majority/minority control issues within political divisions of the country and political control of the government led the country to civil war. Six ethnic groups broke down, violence and famine ensued. Peace talks in 1994 helped to bring clan violence to an end.

50. Ethnicities in Lebanon Fig. 7-15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

51. Central Africa

52. Historic conflicts between two ethnic groups, the Hutus and Tutsis, are the basis for conflict in Central Africa. Ethnic differences, including economic activities (herders vs. farmers) led to the minority Tutsis ruling over the majority Hutus. Following World War I, German controlled colonies of Rwanda and Burundi were given to the Belgium. Ethnic fighting prior to Rwanda’s independence in 1962 (Tutsis killed) gave way again in 1994 to massive ethnic cleansing (Hutus killed). Eventually, Tutsis from Uganda flooded back into Rwanda and killed Hutus. Half a million Hutus were killed, 3 million Hutus fled to neighboring countries. Refugee camps filled and ethnic fighting tension followed in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

53. Overlapping of Ethnicities and Nationalities

54. The Middle East contains both ethnicities and nationalities. Palestine gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, however this is when the nation of Israel was created as well – leading to conflict over control of the land as well as to religiously significant holdings in Jerusalem. What were long standing ethnic/cultural conflicts became conflicts among nationalities. The nation-state of Israel is surrounded by predominantly muslim countries with strong traditions of nationality. Wars and conflict have ensued from Israel’s creation.

55. Overlapping of Ethnicities and Nationalities Who are the Palestinians? People living in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem Citizens of Israel who are Muslims and Muslims who fled the area People who fled Israel during the 1948-1949 War People who fled from the West Bank or Gaza Strip to other countries following the 1967 War Citizens of other countries, especially neighboring Israel, who identify themselves as Palestinians Who are the Israelis? People living within the nation of Israel Israelis linked to Jewish ethnicity Immigrants returning to their homeland following the Roman Diaspora

56. Ethnic Division of South Asia Fig. 7-16: At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

57. Train Station in Amritsar, India, October, 1947 The station is filled with Hindu refugees who have fled from the new country of Pakistan.

58. Jammu and Kashmir Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area. Border dispute Sikhs want their own country

59. Sinhalese & Tamils in Sri Lanka Fig.7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

60. Kurdish Refugees from Iraq, 1991 Many Kurds fled Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War when Saddam Hussein’s armed forces attacked Kurdish regions in northern Iraq.

61. Ethnic Cleansing By 1990 the new term being used for violence against ethnic groups – ethnic cleansing. Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Prevalent during the dissolution of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia in Bosnia-Herzegovina

62. Early Ethnic Cleansing History provides examples of ethnic groups (majority) creating difficult political, economic, and social situations for ethnic groups (minority). World War II and the mass forced migration of Jews, Gypsies, and other ethnic groups to specific areas and ultimately to their deaths in concentration camps. Refugees from the war as well as those shifted due to post war boundary changes represent examples of the tension, violence and death that can occur between ethnic groups.

63. Segregation in other parts of the world Apartheid- physical separation of blacks and whites into different geographic areas Blacks were restricted to certain occupations and were paid lower wages than whites for similar work Blacks couldn’t vote or hold office System in place since 1652 till 1991

64. Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

65. APARTHEID- South Africa 7 of 10 people in South Africa are Black-African From the 1950’s to the 1990’s South Africa was controlled by whites who were the minority group. (about 10% of the population)

66. The Bantu Homelands Act. The white government declares that the lands reserved for black Africans are independent nations. In this way, the government strips millions of blacks of their South African citizenship and forces them to become residents of their new "homelands." Black township in South Africa

67. Passbooks – required to travel for work in South Africa Blacks were considered foreigners in white-controlled South Africa, and need passports to enter. Blacks only enter to serve whites in menial jobs. A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

68. Nelson Mandela -the anti-Apartheid leader is released after 27 years in prison

69. Voting in South Africa – 1994

71. Gender Empowerment and Yugoslavia

72. Gender Empowerment Measure The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is an index designed to measure of gender equality. GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, participations in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and parliamentary positions

73. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

74. The practice of dowry deaths is not declining in India. The number of love marriages is on the rise and many couples in love marriages are meeting online. The number of divorces is also on the rise, with 1 in 1,000 marriages ending in divorce in India today. Just as some statistics point to an improving place of women in Indian society, other statistics confirm India still has a preference for males overall. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Dowry Deaths in India

75. Self-determination Centripetal and Centrifugal forces Self determination = The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. This has led to the creation of the nation-state (a state whose territory correspond to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has transformed into a nationality). This is a centripetal force – binds people together Rarely does the territory of a state correspond precisely to the territory of an ethnicity – this leads to the creation of shatterbelts and territorial clashes. Shatterbelts, etc.. Are centrifugal forces – they tear people apart

76. THE BALKANS > Today there are many different groups living in the area. This causes many conflicts over religion, politics and territory

77. Yugoslavia – A Case Study in Diversity Five of the republics were named for the country’s five recognized nationalities – Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, and Slovenes. Yugoslavia had four official languages – Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slovene. Three major religious groups existed in the country – Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Islam. Two different alphabets were used to accommodate the official languages the Roman alphabet and Cyrillic. One economic currency – the dinar.

78. The Balkan region was once part of the Ottoman Empire/Turkey and many people are still Muslim

79. *Balkanization Political fragmentation of a region – named after the shatterbelt region of the Balkan Peninsula.

80. 2. Ethnic divisions CROATIABOSNIASERBIAKOSOVO ETHNIC MAJORITY CROATSBOSNIANSSERBSALBANIAN ETHNIC MINORITY SERBSCROATS/ SERBS BOSNIANS/ CROATS SERBS WRITING SYSTEM LATIN/ROMAN ( You are using it now) LATIN/ ROMAN CYRILLIC/ RUSSIAN LATIN/ ROMAN HISTORICAL ALLY AUSTRIA/ GERMANY OTTOMAN TURKS RUSSIA ALBANIANS RELIGIONCHRISTIAN/ CATHOLIC ISLAM CHRISTIAN/O RTHODOX CHRISTIAN/ MUSLIM

81. Definition > A policy of having only one ethnic group live in an area. Primary associated with Serbs and forced removal of Bosnians, Croats, etc… Is achieved by use of genocide, forced migration, etc… The mosque was destroyed during an "ethnic cleansing" campaign to drive out Muslims during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war.) *Modern problem > Ethnic Cleansing

82. Bombed out apt. building in Sarajevo, Bosnia Many Serbs wanted to rid the region of Muslims and other groups and did so with violence

83. Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia linking Muslim and Christian areas of town

84. Mostar Bridge – gone…

85. *Kosovo > Another problem area? > Albanians in Kosovo want their land to belong to Albania. >Serbs are resisting this effort…. The Kosovo Maiden, 1917 This painting serves as a reminder of national pride for Serbians who do not want to give up Kosovo to Albania.