1. Michael A. Rebell 2015 VASS Fall Conference Charlottesville, VA. October 19, 2015

4. The legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a system of free common schools, wherein all the children of this state may be educated.

5. The General Assembly shall provide for a system of free public elementary and secondary schools for all children of school age throughout the Commonwealth, and shall seek to ensure that an educational program of high quality is established and continually maintained. § 1. Public Schools of high quality to be maintained

6. Standards of quality for the several school divisions shall be determined and prescribed from time to time by the Board of Education, subject to revision only by the General Assembly. The General Assembly shall determine the manner in which funds are to be provided for the cost of maintaining an educational program meeting the prescribed standards of quality, and shall provide for the apportionment of the cost of such program between the Commonwealth and the local units of government comprising such school divisions. Each unit of local government shall provide its potion of such cost by local taxes or from other available funds. § 2. Standards of quality; State and local support of public schools

7. That no free government, nor the blessings of liberty, can be preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue; by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles; and by the recognition by all citizens that they have duties as well as rights, and that such rights cannot by enjoyed save in a society where law is respected and due process is observed. That free government rests, as does all progress, upon the broadest possible diffusion of knowledge, and that the Commonwealth should avail itself of those talents which nature has sown so liberally among its people by assuring the opportunity for their fullest development by an effective system of education through the Commonwealth. § 15. Qualities necessary to preservation of free government

8. “In sum, we agree with the trial court that education is a fundamental right under the Constitution. Even applying a strict scrutiny test, as urged by the Students, however, we hold that nowhere does the Constitution require equal, or substantially equal, funding or programs among and within the Commonwealth’s school divisions.”

9. “[T]he Constitution requires the General Assembly to determine the manner of funding to provide the cost of maintaining an educational program that meets the prescribed standards of quality...... and the Students do not contend that the manner of funding prevents their schools from meeting the standards of quality.”

10. “Also, the following guidelines are implicit in the Constitution: (1) The Standards of Quality must be realistic in relation to current educational practice. (2) The estimate of the cost of the Standards of Quality must be realistic in relation to the current costs of education. (3) The local share of the cost of implementing the Standards of Quality must be based on local ability to pay.

11. Michael A. Rebell 2015 Vass Fall Conference Charlottesville, VA. October 19, 2015