1. The Echo 1980 - 1995 Perhaps starts earlier There are fewer births than in the Boom but close –1959 17.5 million produce 479,000 Boomers –1990 27.7 million produce 406,000 babies Large cohort - schooling but early

2. Trends of the 80’s The CBR continues to drop –Historical low (lower than the Depression) Average age for Canadian women to have their first child moves into the 30’s (baby boom - 22) –link to baby echo delay

3. CDR’s fall but the number of deaths increases (more elderly but large numbers in low risk years - 30’s) Natural increase still accounts for 77% of our growth (government push for increased migration) Marriage rates drop. The marriage rate for singles is at an all-time low –By the 90’s only 65 males and 66 females of 100 will ever marry

4. Divorce rates rise - peaks at 70,000 per year (every 100 marriages - 37 divorces) Implications for family structure, disposable income, demands on time An all-time low for TDR - except for government taxes

5. Note that the Baby Busters are still greater in number than the Depression and War cohorts Note that the Echo stops the decline in numbers and still significant in size

6. Discussion - Term Test

7. GEO 802 Test The term test will be worth 20% and will be in essay format The term test will be in hours 19 and 20 of day 4 and will be submitted by one or two students Any aids will be allowed for the test. You may consult with anyone. Discussions are not allowed in the exam room. You may go anywhere during the test.

8. The term test must be submitted on time. Test submitted after the deadline will be penalized 50% every 5 minutes The test will be distributed in the first five minutes of the class. You will then have 75 minutes to answer the test and return it. In a three hour class there will be a lecture in the third hour

9. The test will revolve around newspaper clippings You will be asked to link the article and the problems presented to course material –you may be asked which theories apply to this particular problem –you may be asked to explain the problem in light of class discussions Know the location of ideas in your notes