1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DAY 1 Why am I in this class? Is it hard? Who will I have to become to get an A in this class? What is critical thinking? What does THIS teacher want from us? How much work do I have to do?

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A FEW ANSWERS: Rules: Class begins at 3PM Sharp! Homework will be assigned on Masteringbiology.com and will be due on the day of the next exam. There will be 15 quizzes in lecture and lab as per the schedule Kindly sit in the same seat in lecture and lab so that I may make a chart and learn your names on Tuesday of the second week. You will be a part of a lecture group and a lab group You’re going to have a blast in this class!

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What will we learn in this class? Great question! Here are the biggest theories in biology 1. Chemistry – electrons, protons, atoms, molecules and their interactions and products.Included will be concepts such as entropy, diffusion, osmosis, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, energy etc. 2. Cells – Cell theory is a primary concept in biology since it is believed that life is made of cells and all cells are ancestors of prior cells. Anatomy and physiology of cells and cell membranes. 3. DNA – The chemical formula and structure of DNA. DNA transcription, translation and reproduction. How proteins are made from DNA. 4. Genetics – How DNA is expressed. How traits are inherited. Normal and abnormal genetic expression, punnett squares. Darwin. 5. Evolution – How life began. From the first cell to millions of expressions of DNA in the form of organisms. Classification of all organisms. 6. Environments – ecosystems, organisms and the environment. Here we’ll conclude studies of the scientific method.

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Did you know this? Link to article online

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What to know: Your exam questions for this chapter will directly relate to these topics The properties of life – be able to answer what makes something “living” The levels of life from atoms to the biosphere Be able to go from atoms to the biosphere Ecosystems - Be able to define ecosystems, populations, communities Cells and DNA – know the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Know what DNA is Diversity of Life – know how diverse life is The three domains of life – know how scientists categorize all living things beginning with domains Unity and diversity of life – know what unites all living things and what makes things so different Evolution – know what the current theory of evolution is (whether it’s right or not) Darwin – know what Darwin is famous for Natural Selection – what is natural selection? Artificial Selection – what is artificial selection? The process of Science – what is science and how do scientists discover new things? Discovery science – what is discovery science The scientific method – know all of the steps of the scientific method

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings On to Biology What is biology? The study of life. What is living? What is non-living? Can we live without the non-living environment?

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings I WILL ASK A QUESTION ABOUT THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE! Some properties of life KNOW THIS! Figure 1.2 (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Properties of Life know all of these for exam! Order – all living things exhibit complex but ordered organization, as seen in the structure of a pinecone Regulation – the environment outside an organism may change drastically, but the organism can adjust its internal environment, keeping it within appropriate limits. Growth and development – information carried by DNA controls the pattern of growth and evelopment in all organisms. Energy processing – organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities; they emit energy as heat. Response to the environment – all organisms respond to environmental stimuli. A carnivorous Venus fllytrap closes its leaves rapidly in response to the environmental stimulus of an insect touching the plant’s sensory hairs. Reproduction – organisms reproduce their own kind. Evolution – populations change over time to maximize survival

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a 1 Biosphere Levels of Organization Know this! Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems and Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms Earth’s Biosphere includes all life and all of the places where life exists

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b 2 3 Ecosystems Communities Ecosystem: All living organisms in a particular area and all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts such as soil, water and light Communities All organisms in the tide pool (for example) are collectively called a community

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organisms: an individual 5 4 Populations: members of one species

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2d 6 Organ Systems and Organs

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2e 7 Tissues

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f 8 9 Cells Organelles Nucleus The cell is the is the smallest unit of life and has all of the structures to perform all of the activities of life

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Cells The cell KNOW THIS! – Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life 25 µm Figure 1.5

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The building blocks of everything are atoms, but, atoms have many moving parts! We consider that the atom is the smallest building block of matter. Actually, it’s the smallest “coherent” piece of matter (to be continued) 10 Molecules and Atoms Atom

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Ecosystems KNOW THIS DEFINITION! Each organism – Interacts with its environment Both organism and environment – Are affected by the interactions between them – Don’t just let this very profound statement go through your conscious thought and just let go. – Ask yourself the question, “can I find an example of how the environment affects a particular animal or plant?”.

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes – Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil – The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers – Only energy is lost from an ecosystem so it needs a constant influx of energy, usually from the sun.

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Conversion UNDERSTAND THIS CONCEPT Activities of life – Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings – Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another – Can you think of a system of energy exchange?

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy flows through an ecosystem – Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Ecosystem Figure 1.4 Pay particlar attention to the producers, consumers and decomposers

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. What are human beings in the trophic pyramid?

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Main Forms of Cells All cells share certain characteristics – They are all enclosed by a membrane – They all use DNA as genetic information There are two main forms of cells – Eukaryotic – Prokaryotic

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smallest living unit: The Cell The earliest cells were called prokaryotic. This means that the DNA is distributed within the cytoplasm. They hadn’t evolved a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where the DNA resides.

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – We can distinguish two major types of cells: 1.The prokaryotic cell is – simpler and usually smaller and – characteristic of bacteria. 2.The eukaryotic cell is – subdivided by internal membranes into different functional compartments called organelles and – found in plants and animals. Cells and Their DNA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell’s Heritable Information KNOW THIS! Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes – Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring Egg cell Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Figure 1.6

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA The molecular structure of DNA – Accounts for it information-rich nature DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Figure 1.7 Nucleus A gene is a funtional unit within DNA and is considered a unit of heredity

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.UN02 Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Three kingdoms Plantae Fungi Animalia Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Protists (all other eukaryotes) Life

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organelles are subunits of cells which perform the functions of the cell Nucleoid region Nucleus Organelles Prokaryotic cell (bacterium) Smaller Simpler structure DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane Lacks most organelles Larger More complex structure Nucleus enclosed by membrane Contains many types of organelles Eukaryotic cell Colorized TEM

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4a Nucleoid region Prokaryotic cell (bacterium) Smaller Simpler structure DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane Lacks most organelles Colorized TEM

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prokaryotic cells – Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Figure 1.8

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy KNOW THIS! Early scientists had lots of observations but no system in which to organize that data. Taxonomy was created to solve one of those problems, namely, which living things are related to other living things. – Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains KNOW THIS! – Bacteria – Archaea – Eukarya

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Taxonomy is how scientists place living things in categories for more organized study. It categorizes diverse organisms into smaller and smaller numbers of groups. Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Three kingdoms Plantae Fungi Animalia Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Protists (all other eukaryotes) Life The largest categories are the Domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea – Consist of prokaryotes Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes – Includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life’s three domains Figure 1.15 100 µm 0.5 µm 4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material. Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms. DOMAIN ARCHAEA

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifying life KNOW THIS! Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya Figure 1.14

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life Figure 1.13

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unity in the Diversity of Life KNOW THIS! As diverse as life is – There is also evidence of remarkable unity Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16 The branch of biology that explains both the diversity and unity of life is EVOLUTION

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity (theoretically…look it up) The history of life – Is a saga of a changing Earth billions of years old Figure 1.17

42. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings KNOW THIS! The evolutionary view of life – Came into sharp focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Figure 1.18 Darwin is most closely associated with the concept of Natural Selection

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Life evolves. Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote. Species that are very similar, such as the brown bear and polar bear, share a more recent common ancestor. EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.10 Millions of years ago Giant panda Common ancestor of polar bear and brown bear 20 25 1015305 Common ancestor of all modern bears Ancestral bear Spectacled bear Sloth bear Sun bear American black bear Asiatic black bear Polar bear Brown bear This graphic is called a cladogram

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Darwin’s book developed two main points: 1.Species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification,” capturing the duality of life’s – unity (descent) and – diversity (modification). 2.Natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification. The Darwinian View of Life © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural Selection – Darwin was struck by the diversity of animals on the Galápagos Islands. – He thought that adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species were closely related processes. As populations separated by a geographic barrier adapted to local environments, they became separate species. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Origin of Species articulated two main points – Descent with modification – Natural selection Figure 1.19

48. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural Selection Understand This Concept Darwin proposed natural selection – As the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments Population of organisms Hereditary variations Differences in reproductive success Evolution of adaptations in the population Overproduction and struggle for existence Figure 1.20

49. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural selection is the evolutionary process that occurs – When a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 Populations with varied inherited traits 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits. 3 Reproduction of survivors. 4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. Figure 1.21

50. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The products of natural selection – Are often exquisite adaptations of organisms to the special circumstances of their way of life and their environment Figure 1.22

51. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Artificial Selection 1.Artificial selection is the intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits. In organisms that reproduce sexually, two adults that possess a desired trait — such as two parent plants that are tall — are bred together.

52. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Tree of Life Many related organisms – Have very similar anatomical features, adapted for their specific ways of life Such examples of kinship – Connect life’s “unity in diversity” to Darwin’s concept of “descent with modification”

53. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Darwin proposed that natural selection – Could enable an ancestral species to “split” into two or more descendant species, resulting in a “tree of life ” Large ground finch Small ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Seed eater Sharp-beaked ground finch Camarhynchus psitacula Green warbler finch Large tree finch Large cactus ground finch Ground finches Tree finches Insect eaters Bud eater Warbler finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Gray warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Certhidea fusca Geospiza difficilis Cactus flower eater Geospiza scandens Seed eater Geospiza conirostris Geospiza fortis Medium ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Cactospiza pallida Woodpecker finch Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Small tree finch Vegetarian finch Camarhynchus parvulus Platyspiza crassirostris Cactus ground finch Figure 1.23

54. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Each species is on twig of a branching tree of life – Extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote All of life – Is connected through its long evolutionary history

55. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Science Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life At the heart of science is inquiry or a question A question usually comes after a careful observation – A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry – Discovery science – Hypothesis-based science

56. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is Science The inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature. What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?

57. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Discovery Science KNOW THIS! Discovery science Scientists seek natural causes for natural phenomena. This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure in some way that is repeatable. – Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

58. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Two methods of scientific inquiry use inductive and deductive reasoning. Know how they differ

59. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science KNOW THIS! In science, inquiry that asks specific questions – Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses

60. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis Driven Science In science, a hypothesis – Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial – Makes predictions that can be tested

61. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings REMEMBER THESE STEPS FOR THE EXAM! We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Figure 1.25

62. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deduction: The “If…then” Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science In deductive reasoning – The logic flows from the general to the specific If a hypothesis is correct – Then we can expect a particular outcome

63. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities – It must be testable – It must be falsifiable

64. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Myth of the Scientific Method The scientific method – Is an idealized process of inquiry Very few scientific inquiries adhere to the “textbook” scientific method

65. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.15-1 Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Prediction With new batteries, it will work. Let’s say that your TV remote fails to turn on your TV. That’s an observation. The question is obvious: Why doesn’t the remote work? Follow the diagram…

66. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.15-2 Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Experiment Replace batteries. Prediction With new batteries, it will work.

67. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.15-3 Experiment does not support hypothesis. Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Experiment Replace batteries. Prediction With new batteries, it will work. Revise.

68. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example: You try to start your car, but it does not start. What is your hypothesis?

69. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question Do you remember the proper components of the Scientific Method?

70. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Limitations of Science Science cannot address supernatural phenomena – Because hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and experimental results must be repeatable