1. Slide 1 of 21 01/15/14 BELL WORK WRITE QUESTION AND ANSWER Do you think your genes determine everything about you? Name a few things about yourself that you think your genes don’t determine. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Slide 2 of 21 BELL WORK 01/16/14 WRITE QUESTION AND ANSWER What is probability? How does probability relate to genetics? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall.

3. Slide 3 of 21 11-2 PROBABILITY AND PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Slide 4 of 21 CHAPTER 11 SECTION 2 OBJECTIVES Explain how to use the principle of probability. Describe how geneticists use Punnett squares. Work a monohybrid cross Define and give an example of a phenotype Define and give an example of a genotype Identify dominant and recessive alleles Define and give an example of a homozygous trait Define and give an example of a heterozygous trait Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Slide 5 of 21 GENETICS AND PROBABILITY How do geneticists use the principles of probability? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Slide 6 of 21 GENETICS AND PROBABILITY Genetics and Probability Probability - The likelihood that a particular event will occur. The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Slide 7 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES How do geneticists use Punnett squares? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Slide 8 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES Punnett Squares Shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross. Shows the alleles of the gametes of each parent Does NOT show actual results! Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Slide 9 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES A capital letter represents the dominant allele A lowercase letter represents the recessive allele. In this example, T = tall t = short Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Slide 10 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES Gametes are shown along the top and left side. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Slide 11 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES Possible gene combinations for the offspring appear in the four boxes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Slide 12 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be homozygous. (TT, tt) True-breeding for a particular trait Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are heterozygous. (Tt) hybrid for a particular trait. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Slide 13 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 1 For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO) dominant or recessive AAIi BbJj Cckk DdLl EeMM ffnn GGOO HHPp Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Slide 14 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 1 For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO) dominant or recessive AA – HO dominantIi - HE Bb - HEJj - HE Cc - HEkk – HO recessive Dd - HELl - HE Ee - HEMM – HO dominant ff – HO recessivenn – HO recessive GG – HO dominantOO – HO dominant HH – HO dominantPp - HE Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Slide 15 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES Phenotype - physical characteristics. When a dominant allele is present, that trait will be shown. Tall, short, green, yellow genotype - genetic makeup. TT, Tt, tt Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Slide 16 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 2 For each of the genotypes, determine the phenotype Purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p) PP pp Pp Brown eyes (B)are dominant to blue eyes (b) Bb BB bb Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled (r) rr Rr RR

17. Slide 17 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 2 For each of the genotypes, determine the phenotype Purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p) PP - purple pp - white Pp - purple Brown eyes (B)are dominant to blue eyes (b) Bb - brown BB - brown bb - blue Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled (r) rr - wrinkled Rr - round RR - round

18. Slide 18 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 3 For each of the phenotypes, list the possible genotypes Straight hair (C) is dominant to curly (c) Straight Curly Pointed heads (P)are dominant to round heads (p) Round Pointed

19. Slide 19 of 21 TABLE PRACTICE 3 For each of the phenotypes, list the possible genotypes Straight hair (C) is dominant to curly (c) Straight – CC, Cc Curly - cc Pointed heads (P)are dominant to round heads (p) Round - pp Pointed – PP or Pp

20. Slide 20 of 21 PUNNETT SQUARES An organism can have different genotypes (TT and Tt), but have the same phenotype (tall). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Slide 21 of 21 PROBABILITY AND SEGREGATION Probability and Segregation with genotype/phenotype How many have the genotype TT? Tt? tt? How many have the phenotype tall? Short? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Slide 22 of 21 PROBABILITIES PREDICT AVERAGES Probabilities Predict Averages Probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events. Probability cannot predict the precise outcome of an individual event. In genetics, the larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Slide 23 of 21 PROBABILITIES PREDICT AVERAGES Teacher example: Complete the following Punnett Square: BB x Bb What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? How many of the offspring are homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Slide 24 of 21 PROBABILITIES PREDICT AVERAGES Partner practice Work on the Punnett squares assigned to you and answer the following. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? How many of the offspring are homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive? When time is called, swap work and check the work of your partner. Make any necessary corrections. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. Slide 25 of 21 REMINDER Chapter 11 Section 2 Workbook pages should be complete Be ready for chapter 11 section 2 quiz Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 26 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-2

27. Slide 27 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-2 Probability can be used to predict a.average outcome of many events. b.precise outcome of any event. c.how many offspring a cross will produce. d.which organisms will mate with each other.

28. Slide 28 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-2 Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait are said to be a.hybrid. b.heterozygous. c.homozygous. d.recessive.

29. Slide 29 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-2 Two F 1 plants that are homozygous for shortness are crossed. What percentage of the offspring will be tall? a.100% b.50% c.0% d.25%

30. Slide 30 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-2 The Punnett square allows you to predict a.only the phenotypes of the offspring from a cross. b.only the genotypes of the offspring from a cross. c.both the genotypes and the phenotypes from a cross. d.neither the genotypes nor the phenotypes from a cross.

31. Slide 31 of 21 BELL WORK 01/23/14 WRITE QUESTION AND ANSWER Cross a heterozygous black rabbit with a homozygous recessive white rabbit. What is the genotype of the offspring? What is the phenotype of the offspring? How many of the offspring are homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive?

32. Slide 32 of 21 PROBABILITIES PREDICT AVERAGES Individual Practice T = tall t = short Cross a heterozygous tall plant with a heterozygous tall plant. What is the genotype of the offspring? What is the phenotype of the offspring? How many of the offspring are homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Homozygous recessive? Turn into basket when complete Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. Slide 33 of 21 PARTNER ACTIVITY LAB GRADE Genetics with a smile. Instructions, 2 coins, color pencils, white paper. Do not have to complete on computer. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall