2.  A Cold War military conflict  Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Northern Vietnam (communists) Vs Southern Vietnam (US & anti-communists)

3.  Colony of French Indochina faced military resistance since colonization in 1850s  1940: French surrendered to Germany; Japanese takes control  1941: Formation of Việt Minh- national independence movement against Japanese backed by US & ROC (Ho Chi Minh)

4.  1945: Japanese surrendered; Ho Chin Minh established the DRV  French returned  Indochinese War(1946): Viet Minh(+ PRC & SU) vs French Union

5.  1954: With enormous PRC support, Viet Minh defeated French Union at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in French withdrawal  Separated at the 17 th parallel

6.  Transition Period  State of Vietnam Referendum (1955)  Ngo Dinh Diem established the ROV in 1955

7.  DRV, with the assistance of the Viet Cong, PRC & SU tried to seize South Vietnam  US intervened, with accordance to their policy of containment, to support ROV DRV (North Vietnam) + PRC + SU Vs ROV (South Vietnam) + US + anti-communists

8.  Human Cost (American People):  58,000 American people died, 150,000 wounded in battle  Families of the Deceased or Wounded were severely affected  American people were devastated by the magnitude of bloodshed

9.  Human Cost (Veterans)  Veterans suffered from Post-traumatic stress order or other psychological problems  Veterans were not well-received by the people of America, not given recognition  Veterans found it hard to meld back into society

10.  Foreign Policy (America)  US technically lost the war  General feeling, less intervention in other countries

11.  Human Cost (Vietnam)  Vietnam casualties count uncertain  South Vietnam submitted to North’s Communist Rule  People sent to concentration camps for “re- education”  People forced to develop undeveloped land  Use of chemicals affected Vietnamese health severely

12.  Communist Assistance to DRV:  USSR, China, North Korea  Diplomatic Recognition  Sent troops (esp. China)  Supplied medical supplies and military equipment  Military advisors to train army  Repair the damage caused by American bombing  China and USSR fell out

13.  Anti-communist Countries’ Involvement:  South Korea sent troops which were reputable for their effectiveness (2 nd most after US troops)  Filipino troops mainly assisted in medical and other civilian pacification projects  Thai army formations assisted in fighting in South Korea and in Laos (Ho Chi Minh Trail)  ROC provided assistance through sending military equipment, troops, training units and advisors

14.  Neutral States:  Laos and Cambodia  Ho Chi Minh trail ran through Laos and Cambodia  Part of war was fought on these neutral states  US Secret Bombings on Cambodia and Laos not only weakened North Vietnamese troops, but destroyed local buildings

15.  US Involvement – start of involvement  USA involved itself when Communists took over China through funding French war effort  Domino Theory  1954, US prevented elections in Vietnam  Showed ignorance to Vietnamese people  Helped Ngo Dinh Diem to set up ROV and funded his efforts, though concerned and frustrated by his corrupt ways

16.  US involvement – sent troops  By 60s, US started sending troops (military advisors) under President Kennedy’s administration  More troops were sent when under his successor President Johnson  President Johnson committed full scale  Almost 600k troops were sent, but could not defeat Communist troops (Viet Cong)  Bombing and Chemical weapons

17.  US involvement – withdrew troops  Public opinion opposed war in Vietnam  Public was horrified by media reports of Vietnam war – My Lai massacre  War could not be won militarily  President Nixon wanted to end US involvement  “Vietnamisation”, pressure on USSR and China  Peace agreement between North and South  Last troops were withdrawn in 1973

18.  After Vietnam War  Pro-Soviet Vietnamese and Laos governments  Pro-Chinese Cambodian government  China was trying to replace Russia in the role as the leader of the communist countries  Due to Cambodian aggression, Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1975  Threat to Chinese influence in SE Asia  In retaliation, China invaded Vietnam in 1979  Threat to Soviet influence in SE Asia

19.  http://vietnamwar3.tripod.com/id1.html http://vietnamwar3.tripod.com/id1.html  http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/nhhs/html3/vet.htm http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/nhhs/html3/vet.htm  Vietnam War. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 23, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War  Leuhusen, P. (1997, May 15). The vietnam war. Retrieved from http://www.vietnampix.com/intro2.htm http://www.vietnampix.com/intro2.htm  Carter, N. (2007). The Vietnam War: What Role Did Other Countries Play? Retrieved Jan. 30, 2011, from Articlesbase. Web site: http://www.articlesbase.com/politics-articles/the-vietnam-war-what- role-did-outside-countries-play-261924.html. http://www.articlesbase.com/politics-articles/the-vietnam-war-what- role-did-outside-countries-play-261924.html  Walsh, B. (2001). GCSE modern world history. London, England: Hodder Murray  Vietnam War Timeline. Retrieved Jan. 30, 2011, from Landscaper.net. Web site: http://www.landscaper.net/timelin.htm.http://www.landscaper.net/timelin.htm