1. Scaling Human Robot Teams Prasanna Velagapudi Paul Scerri Katia Sycara Mike Lewis Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA

2. Large Multiagent Teams 1000s of robots, agents, and people Must collaborate to complete complex tasks

3. Large Multiagent Teams

4. Network Constraints

5. Large Multiagent Teams Human Information Needs

6. Network Constraints Networks affect human interface design –Limited bandwidth –Significant latency –Lossy transmission –Partial/transient connectivity

7. Network Constraints How can we design robust tasks? –Feasible under network constraints –Tolerant of latency –Within bandwidth constraints –Robust to changes in information

8. Network Constraints Humans are a limited resource

9. Network Constraints Humans are a limited resource –Centralized, expensive –Limited attention and workload –Penalties for context switching –Necessary for certain tasks Complex visual perception Meta-knowledge

10. Network Constraints How do we maximize the effectiveness of humans in these systems with respect to network constraints?

11. MrCS Multi-robot Control System

12. Waypoint Navigation Teleoperation Video/ Image Viewer Status Window Map Overview

13. Victims Found in USAR Task Number of Victims [Velagapudi et al, IROS ’08]

14. Task decomposition [Velagapudi et al, IROS ’08]

15. Network Constraints How we divide tasks between agents may affect performance –What is the best way to factor tasks? –Where should we focus autonomy?

16. Large Multiagent Teams Human Information Needs

17. Human operators need information to make good decisions In small teams, send everyone everything This doesn’t work in large systems

18. Human Information Needs Sensor raw datarates –Proprioception < 1kbps –RADAR/LIDAR 100kbps – 20Mbps –Video 300kbps – 80Mbps

19. Human Information Needs Can’t transmit every bit of information –Selectively forward data How do agents decide which pieces of information are important? –Fuse the data What information are we losing when we fuse data?

20. Asynchronous Imagery Inspired by planetary robotic solutions –Limited bandwidth –High latency Multiple photographs from single location –Maximizes coverage –Can be mapped to virtual pan-tilt-zoom camera

21. Asynchronous Imagery Streaming ModePanorama Mode Panoramas stored for later viewing Streaming live video [Velagapudi et al, ACHI ’08]

22. Victims Found [Velagapudi et al, ACHI ’08] Average # of victims found Accuracy Threshold 1 2 3 4 5 6 Within 0.75m Within 1m Within 1.5m Within 2m 0 Panorama Streaming

23. Environmental Factors Colocated operators get extra information –Exocentric view of other agents –Ecological cues –Positional and scale cues

24. Conclusion Need to consider the practicalities of large network systems when designing for humans. Need to consider human needs when designing algorithms for large network systems.

26. Our Work

27. Cognitive modeling ACT-R models of user data Determine –What pieces of information users are using? –Where are the bottlenecks of the system?

28. Environmental Factors Colocated operators get extra information –Exocentric view of other agents –Ecological cues –Positional and scale cues

29. Utility-based information sharing It is hard to describe user information needs Agents often don’t know how useful information will be Many effective algorithms use information gain or probabilistic mass Can we compute utility for information used by people

30. MrCS Multi-robot Control System

31. Waypoint Navigation Teleoperation Video/ Image Viewer Status Window Map Overview

32. Victims Found Number of Victims

33. Task decomposition Navigation Search

35. Asynchronous Data One way to address the latency of networks is to transition to asynchronous methods of perception and control. Asynchronous imagery –Decouples users from time constraints in control

36. Asynchronous Imagery Inspired by planetary robotic solutions –Limited bandwidth –High latency Multiple photographs from single location –Maximizes coverage –Can be mapped to virtual pan-tilt-zoom camera

37. Asynchronous Imagery Streaming ModePanorama Mode Panoramas stored for later viewing Streaming live video

38. Victims Found Average # of victims found Accuracy Threshold 1 2 3 4 5 6 Within 0.75m Within 1m Within 1.5m Within 2m 0 Panorama Streaming

40. Tools USARSim/MrCS VBS2 Procerus UAVs LANdroids ACT-R

41. USARSim [http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/usarsim] Based on UnrealEngine2 High-fidelity physics Realistic rendering –Camera –Laser scanner (LIDAR)

42. MrCS Multi-robot Control System

43. Waypoint Navigation Teleoperation Video/ Image Viewer Status Window Map Overview

44. VBS2 [http://www.vbs2.com] Based on Armed Assault and Operation Flashpoint Large scale agent simulation “Realistic” rendering –Cameras –Unit movements

45. Procerus UAVs Unicorn UAV Developed at BYU Foam EPP flying wing Fixed and gimbaled cameras Integrated with Machinetta agent middleware for full autonomy

46. LANdroids Prototype Based on iRobot Create platform Integrated 5GHz 802.11a based MANET Designed for warfighter networking Video capable

47. ACT-R Cognitive modeling framework Able to create generative models for testing