1. Macbeth

2. Elements of Drama
Drama: is a form of literature that tells a story through performance by actors in front of an audience
Dialogue: tells the story; speeches of the characters
Stage directions: help the cast and production staff to bring the text to life; tells how the work is to be performed or staged

3. sets – the constructions that set the scene for the drama
props – movable objects that actors use onstage
dialogue – speeches of the characters
theme – the central message or insight into life that is revealed through a literary work

4. dramatic irony – when the audience knows something that a certain character onstage does not
Playwright – author of the play
Pun - a play on words involving a word with two or more different meanings or two words that sound alike but have different meaning
Foreshadowing – hints about what is going to happen

5. Dialogue
Soliloquy: a long speech expressing private thoughts, delivered by a character who is alone onstage
Monologue: a long speech delivered by one character to another or to a group of characters
Aside: a private remark to one character or to the audience that breaks convention because it is understood not to be heard by other characters onstage
Chorus: a single character or a group of characters that comment on the action and whose words may connect scenes to convey the collective thoughts or feeling of the community

6. Stage Directions
Many playwrights include stage directions, or instructions, about the setting, costumes, lighting, scenery, and props, or objects used on stage.
This text may indicate how and when characters should move and deliver their lines

7. Stage Directions

8. Kinds of Drama
Tragedy: end with a downfall or death of the protagonist or main character
comedy – a literary work with a happy ending, in Shakespeare it means marriage

9. Key Elements:
Tragic Hero: is the main character- an outstanding person of high rank whose downfall is caused by his own flawed behavior
Tragic Flaw: part of the hero’s character that leads him to make a fatal mistake; a weakness
Comic Relief: to relieve tension, playwrights often include humorous scenes or characters that provide comic relief. Usually characters from lower ranks in society

10. Macbeth
The Scottish Play is based loosely on an episode from history, the death of King Duncan at the hands of his kinsman Macbeth.

11. Written between
Performed at the Globe Theatre, London
Published in the First Folio of 1623

12. Theme
The play is seen as a tale of dangers of the lust for power and betrayal of friends.

13. What to Watch For
what Macbeth is thinking and feeling, why he acts the way he does, and what consequences his evil brings about upon himself

14. At the Start of the Play
Macbeth is a very successful and highly respected member of a social group, loaded with honors and enjoying every prospect of future commendations . He has a loving wife and a secure home in his castle at Inverness. He is praised for his heroic actions in defense of the kingdom. King Duncan thinks of Macbeth with high regard and treats him generously.

15. At the End of the Play
Macbeth is totally alone. He has no friends, he is universally despised, his wife is dead, and all his most eager hopes have been disappointed. He is a man without a place in the social community. He has become totally isolated.

16. WITCHES TREACHERY MURDER BLOOD FAITHLESSNESS DECEPTION AMBITION

17. AP only

18. Irony
Verbal Irony - Most commonly used form of irony, one in which there is a contradiction between what is stated and what is actually meant.
Situational Irony - Form of irony in which a set of circumstances turns out to be the opposite of those expected; reverse of those anticipated and appropriate.

19. Irony Continued
Dramatic Irony - where the audience knows something vital that the character does not know.
Example - Oedipus Rex, the audience knows that, as was prophesied, Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother, but Oedipus does not know either of them are his parents.

20. Catharsis
Emotional cleansing or feeling of relief felt by an audience member at the conclusion of a tragedy. In a sense, the tragedy, having aroused powerful feelings in the spectator, also has a therapeutic effect.

21. Hubris
Greek: "insolence," "pride." The emotion in the tragic hero which leads him to ignore warnings from the gods or to transgress against their moral codes; by extension, in dramas, any wanton insolence on the part of the hero which leads to his/her downfall