1. Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations

2. 2 The Genetic Code Chromosomes l _______ genetic information l Each cell in the human body contains _____. Cell Figure 2.1

3. 3 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid §_____ molecules make up chromosomes. §Code for transmission of all genetic information §______ is a segment of a DNA molecule. Gene

4. 4 Male or Female? §Sex is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm (male sex cell) fertilizes the ovum (female sex cell). MaleFemale XYXX Y Sperm X Ovum X X Sperm

5. 5 Patterns of Genetic Inheritance §If the genes are alike, the child is _________ and will display the inherited trait. §If they are different, then the child is________, and relationships between the genes determine the trait that will appear. §_______ genes will always result in the characteristics while recessive genes will only have effect if paired with another recessive gene §_______ some traits result from interactions of many genes homozygousheterozygous

6. Reproductive choices §Genetic counseling – assess likelihood of having a baby who has inherited _________ §Prenatal diagnostic methods(genetic testing): l __________ – fluid obtained from uterus l _________ – high-frequency waves used to obtain an image

7. 7 Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine §Detection of ______ §Some problems can be treated before birth, but practices are controversial. §Today, the goal is to map chromosomes and correct hereditary defects with genetic repair or replacement.

8. Reproductive Technologies §_____________ - sperm from a donor is injected into the woman §_______________ - egg and sperm are united in a dish §_________- another woman is inseminated with the father’s sperm and then delivers the baby §embryo adoption §_________________________ - saving healthy tissues for later use §__________ - organism grown from cell of parent and is genetically identical

9. 9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS FOR DEVELOPMENT §Family §Friends §School §Society

10. 10 Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Family Functioning §Index of a family's or individual's social position and economic well-being. It combines years of education, ________________________, and income. §Affects ____________________ of phases of the family life cycle