1. Kissinger CH:8 Essential Question: What aspects of the European political sphere assured that even a small conflict would escalate into a general European war?

2. Casus Belli ??? How did Casus Belli change and why? Impact on Alliances Doomsday Machine January 4, 1894 France and Russia agree to mobilize together if any members of the triple alliance mobilize. Casus Belli an event or action that justifies or allegedly justifies a war or conflict Not who fires the first shot, but who mobilizes first. Due to industrialization and faster mobilization if a country did mobilize fast enough they would be defeated before they could act.

3. Russia Only wanted a General War If was not General and was isolated between Austria and Russia, Germany would be in a stronger position after the war. Germany Moltke’s two front war plan pre 1892 The Schlieffen plan 1892 Limitations?? Military Strategy Split military between two fronts and fight defensively until peace could be made with one side. Wanted total victory on both fronts. Knock out France then turn on Russia as they mobilize. Would require invading Belgian neutrality.

6. Durnovo’s Warning Burden of War Territorial Gains Britain would be unlikely to allow Russia to have the Dardanelles Gains in Poland would add more ethnic turmoil Economic Whoever lost would not be able to pay reparations Social Both countries would suffer social unrest.

7. June 28, 1914 Francis Ferdinand is Assassinated July 5 th Germany pledged to support Austria “Blank Check” July 23 rd Austrian 48 hour Ultimatum is given to Serbia July 25 th Serbia excepts all but one of the terms of the Ultimatum Russia’s Options July 24, 1914 The Sarajevo Crisis and the Outbreak of War If Russia did not back Serbia they would loose their position in the Balkans If they went to war it would be disastrous. Russia decides to support Serbia but does not mobilize yet.

8. July 28 th Austria declares war. It would not be mobilized until August 12 th. July 28 th Tsar orders mobilization against Austria. Surprised to find only mobilization plan was against Germany and Austria. July 29 th Germany demands Russia stop mobilizing. July 30 th the Tsar to weak to stop mobilization ordered full mobilization. July 31 st Germany declares war and Russia. The Kaiser tried to divert mobilization away from France and toward Russia, but similar to the Tsar the military was too strong. August 3 rd Germany trumps up a boarder dispute and declares war on France. The same day German troops invaded Belgium, causing Britain to enter the war. The Sarajevo Crisis and the Outbreak of War

10. 1. Why does Kissinger title this chapter “The Military Doomsday Machine”? 2.How would have European events leading up to WWI have different if Bismarck remained chancellor of Germany? Use specific examples. Discussion Questions