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BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence.

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Presentation on theme: "BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence."— Presentation transcript:

1 BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 19 Human Evolution Modules 19.3 – 19.10

2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humans and apes diverged 5 to 7 million years ago –(less than 18 hours ago on our year-time scale) –The first hominid appeared about 6 million years ago –There are two branches: Australopithecines (now extinct) and Homo (us) –Hominids are species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree HOMINID EVOLUTION

3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5 features of human evolution Increased brain size Shorter jaws, flatter faces, and pronounced chins Bipedal posture (walking upright on two legs) Reduced size difference between the sexes Family structure: longer infant care, monogamy

4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.3 Millions of years ago Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba Orrorin tugenesis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo ergaster Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens ?

5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3.5 mya, we evolved upright posture and bipedal movement –Mary Leakey found fossil footprints to confirm this –This is the first and most important step in early human evolution 19.4 Upright posture Figure 19.4

6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lucy Lucy is a 3 myo skeleton found in Africa She was an Australopithecus aferensis She was fully grown and 3 feet tall with a head the size of a softball She is one of our early ancestors

7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homo habilis, an early African hominid, coexisted with some of the australopithecines –They had larger brains and made simple tools –They evolved into the more advanced Homo erectus Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens, who left Africa and spread around the world. 19.5 Homo and the evolution of larger brains

8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings One of the regional descendents of H. erectus was the stocky and muscular Neanderthals –They lived throughout Europe from about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago 19.6 When and where did modern humans arise? Figure 19.6

9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Based on DNA and fossil evidence, scientists now know that all humans originally evolved in Africa –This group arose around 100,000 years ago –They migrated out of Africa –They replaced regional populations of archaic peoples (including Neanderthals)

10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major milestones in the evolution of Homo sapiens are the evolution of –Bipedal posture, straight spine (due to changes in our feet and backbone) –a large brain –a prolonged period of parental care OUR CULTURAL HISTORY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Development of Culture 3 stages: –Scavenging-gathering-hunting –Agriculture –Machine Age

12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The first humans survived by scavenging, gathering, and hunting –Early scavengers and hunters may have killed off saber- toothed cats and woolly mammoths 19.8 Scavenging-gathering-hunting Figure 19.8

13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agriculture arose about 10,000-15,000 years ago –People settled down and began growing food and domesticating animals in Iraq/Iran/Saudi Arabia –Early farmers in the Fertile Crescent allowed their land to be overgrazed and depleted the soil: now it’s a desert 19.9 Agriculture was a second major stage of culture Figure 19.9

14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Industrial Revolution began in the 1700s Industrialization brought a change from hand production to energy-intensive, large-scale machine production 19.10 The machine age is the third major stage of culture Figure 19.10

15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanized farming and improved medicine have led to the accelerated growth of the human population Our impact on the environment has also accelerated –We are changing the world so quickly that many species cannot adapt

16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings So, did we come from monkeys? No, we share a common ancestor with monkeys We are related to monkeys We share DNA, physical and social characteristics with them But we are more closely related to apes


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