1. Lecture # 1 1

2. Course Website www.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/ems http://groups.yahoo.com/group/esd_uet/ 2

3. Marks Distribution Final paper100 marks External 25 marks Project Report Deliverable Presentation Internal25 marks Quizzes 10 Assignment10 Mid term05 3

4. Books Fundamentals of Embedded Software by Daniel W. Lewis Embedded media processing by David J. Katz & Rick Gentile Embedded Hardware by Ganssle, Noergoord, Eady, Edwards, Katz, Genntile, Arnold, Hyder and Perrin. Embedded Software by Ganssle, Noergoord, Eady, Edwards, Katz, Genntile, Arnold, Hyder and Perrin. 4

5. What is an Embedded System? Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) within their implementation. A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present. Hardware and Software, part of some larger systems and expected to work without human intervention. 5

6. A “short list” of embedded systems 6 Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic transmission Avionic systems Battery chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base stations Cordless phones Cruise control Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras Disk drives Electronic card readers Electronic instruments Electronic toys/games Factory control Fax machines Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems Life-support systems Medical testing systems Modems MPEG decoders Network cards Network switches/routers On-board navigation Pagers Photocopiers Point-of-sale systems Portable video games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Smart ovens/dishwashers Speech recognizers Stereo systems Teleconferencing systems Televisions Temperature controllers Theft tracking systems TV set-top boxes VCR’s, DVD players Video game consoles Video phones Washers and dryers And the list goes on and on

7. 7 AerospaceNavigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls, engine controls, space exploration (e.g., the Mars Pathfinder). AutomotiveFuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-lock braking systems, air bag controls, GPS mapping. Children's Toys Nintendo's "Game Boy", Mattel's "My Interactive Pooh", Tiger Electronic's "Furby". Communi- cations Satellites; network routers, switches, hubs.

8. 8 Computer Peripherals Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives. HomeDishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering machines. IndustrialElevator controls, surveillance systems, robots. Instrumen- tation Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal analyzers, power supplies

9. 9 MedicalImaging systems (e.g., XRAY, MRI, and ultrasound), patient monitors, heart pacers. Office Automation FAX machines, copiers, telephones, cash registers. PersonalPersonal Digital Assistants (PDAs), pagers, cell phones, wrist watches, video games, portable MP3 players, GPS.

10. Embedded Rules! Embedded processors account for 100% of worldwide microprocessor production! Embedded:desktop = 100:1 Embedded processors in the home estimated at 40-50. 10

11. Simplest Model 11 InputOutput Memory CPU

12. Characteristics of Embedded Systems Real time operation Low manufacturing cost Application dependent processors Restricted Memory Low Power Power consumption is critical in battery operated devices. 12

13. Manufacturing Cost Manufacturing cost has different components Non-recurring engineering cost for design and development Cost of production and marketing each unit. Best technology choice will depend on the number of units we plan to produce 13

14. Real-time operation Must finish operations by deadlines Hard Real-time: missing deadline causes failure. Soft Real-time: missing deadline results in degraded performance. 14

15. Application dependent requirements Safe Software to avoid physical or economic damage to person or property Fault-tolerance: Continue operation despite hardware or software faults 15

16. Implementing Embedded systems Hardware Processing element Memory Peripherals Input and output devices Interfacing sensors Interfacing protocols Software System software Application software 16

17. Hardware Evolution Systems-on-Chip Applications Specific Processors DSP General Purpose of Microprocessors and Micro- controllers 17

18. Assignment # 1 Compare and contrast different SOC ( at least 5) from TI for embedded systems development. www.ti.com 18

19. Software Programs must be logically and temporally correct Must deal with inherent and physical concurrency Reactive systems Reliability and fault-tolerance are critical issues Applications Specific and single purpose 19

20. Challenges in embedded systems design How much hardware do we need? What is the word size of the CPU? Size of memory? How do we meet our deadlines? Faster hardware or cleverer software? How do we minimize power? Turn of unnecessary logic? Reduce memory accesses? 20

21. Design goals Performance Overall speed, deadlines Functionality and user interface Manufacturing cost Power consumption Other requirements (physical size, etc) 21

22. Functional vs. non-functional requirements Functional requirements: Output as a function of input. Non-functional requirements: Time required to compute output Size, weight, etc Power consumption Reliability etc 22

23. Design and development processes 23 Requirements Specifications Architecture Component Design System Integration

24. Product: Hunter Programmable Digital Thermostat. Microprocessor: 4-bit

25. Product:Vendo V-MAX 720 vending machine. Microprocessor: 8-bit Motorola 68HC11.

26. Product: Sonicare Plus toothbrush. Microprocessor: 8-bit Zilog Z8.

27. Product: Miele dishwashers. Microprocessor: 8- bit Motorola 68HC05.

28. Product: NASA's Mars Sojourner Rover. Microprocessor: 8-bit Intel 80C85.

29. Product: CoinCo USQ-712 coin changer. Microprocessor: 8-bit Motorola 68HC912.

30. Product: Garmin StreetPilot GPS Receiver. Microprocessor: 16-bit.

31. Product: TIQIT Computer’s “Matchbox PC”. Microprocessor: 32- bit AMD Elan SC410.

32. Product: Palm Vx handheld. Microprocessor: 32-bit Motorola Dragonball EZ.

33. Product: Motorola i1000plus iDEN Multi- Service Digital Phone. Microprocessor: Motorola 32-bit MCORE.

34. Product: Rio 800 MP3 Player. Microprocessor: 32-bit RISC.

35. Product: RCA RC5400P DVD player. Microprocessor: 32-bit RISC.

36. Product: IBM Research’s Linux wrist watch prototype. Microprocessor: 32-bit ARM RISC.

37. Product: Sony Aibo ERS-110 Robotic Dog. Microprocessor: 64- bit MIPS RISC.

39. Concluding Remarks Embedded computer are all around us. Many systems have complex embedded hardware and software Embedded systems have pose many design challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc Design methodologies help us manage the design process 39