1. The church in the modern era
Section 4
The church in the modern era

2. Section 4, Part 3:
Catholics in america

3. Introduction Catholics in England faced persecution, especially under
Elizabeth I, after the Protestant Reformation & the formation
of the Anglican Church
Colony in Maryland promised religious freedom so a small group of Catholics left
Seed was sewn & later nourished by John Carroll & holy clergy, religious, & laity
Church thrived & multiplied with 19th century European immigration
Church organized & sustained by later holy clergy, religious, & laity
Church contributed deeply to the formation of the United States
3 articles
(A. 40) – The Church in America
(A. 41) – An Immigrant Church
(A. 42) – American Missionaries and Saints

4. Article 40: The Church in America
Catholics seized opportunity to escape English/Anglican persecution under
Elizabeth I ( )
Opportunity came when King James I ( ) granted Catholic Lord
Baltimore land for an American settlement in Maryland (1634)
Welcomed all & offered religious freedom but by 1704 non-Catholics
outnumbered Catholics
Catholics were deprived of rights to build churches & hold public office
Revolutionary War brought the Bill of Rights & the U.S. Constitution which
protected rights & created separation of Church & state
Climate improved but it took some time for prejudices to disappear
Catholics faced practical challenges—handful of priests to serve 30K &
too poor to support or grow
Lay people organized the Church until John Carroll came on the scene
& dramatically changed it

5. Article 40 cont.: The Church in America
U.S. Catholics wanted a native bishop to avoid suspicion from the new republic so petitioned Pius VI ( ) in March of 1788 to elect own bishop—pope approved in July but reserved ratification
Gathered in May of 1789 to celebrate mass; elected John Carroll first bishop of Baltimore (chose two)
Vatican approved in November of 1789 & he began to work to organize the American Church
Challenge was to retain Catholic support & gain control while satisfying desire for democratic Church
Language was also a difficulty—English & immigrant languages
Succeeded b/c adopted an American style (democracy & separation) while remaining loyal to pope
Catholic population grew from 30K in 1775 to 200K in 1815 when Carroll died; also branched out from Baltimore & Philadelphia; priests increase 6x but still shortage

6. Article 40 cont.: The Church in America
Women religious grew dramatically—both new native & European
Convents, schools, orphanages, and hospitals
Building the Church through education—Jesuit spirituality of John Carroll
To secure Church’s mission & adapt to American culture; to nationalize & educate clergy & laypersons
Georgetown Academy planned in 1786 and opened in 1791
Sulpicians (4 priest & 5 seminarians) founded St. Mary’s Seminary (first one) in a bar in 1791
Today over 240 catholic colleges/universities in the U.S. (20% of the world)—Catholic upper & middle class

7. You Tube Videos: The Church in America
America's Basilica
The Carroll Family

8. You Tube Videos: The Church in America
History of Georgetown
St. Mary's Seminary

9. Homework Read A. 41 in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow
Section 4, Part 3 review questions 1-2 for Thursday

10. A. 41: An Immigrant Church
Immigrants flooded into the U.S. mid 19th century in hopes of escaping
poverty & bettering life
—Irish (Catholic population 500K to 3 million)
—German (about 250K)
—Italian & Eastern European (less but significant amount)
Naturally banded together in new world forming ethnic neighborhoods (often slums)
Widespread immigration inspire widespread anti-Catholic sentiments & action starting in 1830
Protestants called nativists developed into a political party in 1850 called the Know-Nothings
Evaded questions about their organization--“I don’t know”
Started rumors that Vatican & American Catholics were conspiring to take over the U.S.
Incited riots, fixed elections, & harassed convents, monasteries, rectories, schools, hospitals, orphanages, …
Influence of Know-Nothings waned by 1900 but bigotry continued into the 20th century—John F. Kennedy’s campaign for Presidency as a Catholic (conspiring with pope)—& continues still today

11. A. 41 cont.: An Immigrant Church
Catholics who fought on both sides of the Civil War helped
answer the question of Catholic patriotism
Immigrants desired to worship in their own native language & resented other ethnicities
Formed ethnic parishes starting in 1830 with Irish & 1860 with German & 1890 with Italians (continues today on a small scale in some places with some ethnicities)
Offered opportunity to worship in their native language; center of social life;
community & continuity from old world
Every major city had German, Polish, Italian, & Irish churches within a few
blocks of each other downtown
Late 19th century Eastern Europeans began to arrive & form their own ethnic churches (Ukraine, Slovakia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, & other former Soviet countries)
Many of these immigrants were Eastern Catholics (two ways) with their own eparchies, patriarchs, customs, & laws (Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches--1990)
Roman Catholics (Latin or Western), Eastern Catholics (Byzantine; 21 rites; full union under pope), & Orthodox Christians (11th century schism; majority Greek Orthodox; earlier & later ones as well)

12. A. 41 cont.: An Immigrant Church
Today working to unite via ecumenical dialogue
U.S. is called the “nation of immigrants” & every immigrant has a story to tell
What is your family story; how is faith a part of that story?
Catholic education has been a very important part of America’s story of faith
Public schools in the 19th & 20th centuries were not secular but Protestant surprisingly enough—bible & prayers
Catholic immigrant parishes sacrificed tremendously to build parochial schools despite poverty
Male & especially female religious sacrificed to run those schools—means of protecting & passing on faith
Over time, Catholic education system became excellent & therefore respected
Council of Baltimore in 1884 mandated that every parish had a school by 1886 & commissioned
a catechism that we know as the Baltimore Catechism (standard U.S. religious text until 1960)
System today?

13. You Tube Videos: An Immigrant Church
Crash Course: Growth, Cities, & Immigration
John F. Kennedy: Address on Religion

14. Homework Read A. 42 in the e-Book for discussion
tomorrow [Last reading assignment!]
Section 4, Part 3 review questions 3-4 for Thursday
Study for the Section 4, Part 3 quiz Thursday [Last quiz!]

15. Article 42: American Missionaries and Saints
Elizabeth Ann Seton ( )
First American born saint—14 September 1975; remembered for this but let’s not forget her life
Episcopalian from New York City; married at 20 to wealthy merchant William Seton; widowed by 30 with 5 kids
Opened an academy in the city to support herself & kids; converted to Catholicism by late husband’s partners
Invited by John Carroll in 1809 to open a school in Baltimore for girls—St. Joseph’s Academy and Free School
Founded Sisters of Charity (1st religious order from the U.S.) to open & run schools esp. on frontier
Model for U.S. parochial school system; continued to raise her children by special provisions
Rose Philippine Duchesne ( )
French member of Religious of the Sacred Heart; founded 1st convent in America in 1818 in Louisiana Territory
Established a mission & school for Native Americans & dedicated her life to their service
Augustus Tolton ( )--“Good Father Gus”
First black priest for America; refused admittance to U.S. seminary so went to Rome to study & be ordained
Returned to Quincy, IL to organize a black parish but white Catholics & Protestants prevented
Reassigned to Chicago where he opened St. Monica’s black “national parish”—quickly grew to 600 members
Eloquent sermons & beautiful singing voice
Previously the position of Americans on black Catholics had been split since their arrival in the 16th century colonial days through slavery & then conversion through missionary work; Vatican condemned in 1839 but what about existing slaves; discrimination amidst split; Oblate Sisters of Providence & Holy Family Sisters (black religious) fought

16. A. 42 cont.: American Missionaries and Saints
Francis Cabrini ( )
Italian immigrant to America in 1889 & founder of Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart in Italy
Established schools & hospitals to care for the poor; came to New York at urging of Leo XIII ( )
Along with six sisters, established schools, hospitals, & orphanages in Chicago, Philadelphia, New Orleans, NYC, …
Theodora Guerin ( )
French missionary; Sisters of Providence; Indiana in 1841; Academy of St. Mary of the Woods; first women’s liberal arts college in the U.S.; dedicated to education; in Indiana & Illinois
John Neumann ( )
From Bohemia in Czechoslovakia; Redemptorist missionary; 4th bishop of Philadelphia; 1st U.S. bishop canonized
First U.S. bishop to organize a diocesan Catholic school system; facility with languages; immigrants (esp. German)
Katharine Drexel ( )
From wealthy family in Philadelphia
Founded Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
Dedicated her life and large family inheritance to service African & Native Americans
Founded over sixty missions & schools in the U.S.
Most notably, Xavier University in Louisiana for African Americns—1st one

17. You Tube Videos: American Missionaries & Saints
Saints of the Americas Calendar
Elizabeth Ann Seton: National Shrine
Venerable Fr. Solanus Casey

18. Homework
Section 4, Part 3 review questions 5-6 for tomorrow [Last homework assignment!]
Study for the Section 4, Part 3 quiz tomorrow [Last quiz!]
Make sure the Section 4, Part 3 review questions 1-6 are ready to turn in tomorrow