2. 11.1 Gregor Mendel  Observed traits in offspring when pea plants were cross pollinated (pp264-265)  A parent that was pure for a trait was crossed with a parent of the other trait. Ex: Round vs wrinkled seed  Results: F1 generation had all round seeds and F2 generation had 3:1 round vs. wrinkled seeds  Conclusions: Principle of dominance and recessiveness Principle of segregation Principle of independent assortment

3. 11.1 Vocabulary  Fertilization  Genes  Alleles  Hybrids  Segregation  Gametes  Dominant  Recessive Recessive

4. 11.2 Probability and Punnett squares  Probability can be applied to predict the traits of genetic crosses  When a gamete’s different alleles are crossed with another gamete’s alleles they can be crossed in a punnett square  Example:

5. Try some Punnett Squares  Tutorial with questions Tutorial with questions  More More  And then some And then some  Like basketball? Like basketball?

7. 11.2 vocabulary  Phenotype – appearance of traits (brown eyes)  Genotype – genes of traits (brown eyes could be BB or Bb)  Heterozygous - hybrid  Homozygous - pure  Monohybrid cross – one trait  Dihybrid cross – 2 traits

8. 11.3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics  When more than one trait is predicted, the 2 traits are independently assorted. Ex.

9. More on genetics:  Incomplete dominance:  R=red  W=white  RW=pink

10.  Codominance: Black chicken crossed with white chicken will produce offspring with BOTH color feathers, a black and white speckled chicken  Multiple alleles: More than 2 alleles for a trait like coat color in rabbits and human blood type  Polygenic traits: trait determined by the interaction of more than one gene like skin color in humansskin color  Gene Linkage –genes located on the same chromosome sometimes get passed together to offspring like a fly with red eyes and short wings.  Gene maps show relative locations of genes on a chromosome.

11. Gender Determination

12. Sex-linked traits:

13. Color-blindness in humans

14. Another Sex-linked trait: