1. How to set up Punnet Squares

2. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Genotype - An organisms genetic makeup or allele combination; for one specific trait we use two letters to represent the genotype. A capital letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele), and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the recessive form of the gene (allele).  Ex. RR, Rr, rr

3. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Phenotype - An organisms appearance or visible traits.  Ex. Color, shape

4. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Homozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are the SAME as each other Ex. RR, rr Ex. RR, rr

5. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Heterozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are DIFFERENT from each other  Ex. Rr

6. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Homozygous DOMINANT - Both Genes (alleles) are DOMINANT (Capitol letters) AND ARE THE SAME AS EACH OTHER  Ex. CC

7. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Homozygous RECESSIVE - Both Genes (alleles) are RECESSIVE (lower case letters) AND ARE THE SAME AS EACH OTHER  Ex. cc

8. Punnet Square Vocabulary  Heterozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are DIFFERENT from each other  Ex. Cc (one Capitol letter one and lower case letter)

9. Problem  Cross a short person with one that is heterozygous for tallness?

10. Examining the problem…  Here, you have to use your understanding of the vocabulary to figure out what letters to use in the genotypes of the parents. Where "T" = tall Dominant, & "t" = short recessive. One parent is Heterozygous which always means one of each letter, so we'd use "Tt" The only way for a person to be short is when it has 2 lowercase "t's", so that parent is “tt".

11. 1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms  Parent # 1 –Short person  Homozygous Recessive  Parent # 2 –Tall person  Heterozygous t T t

12. 2. write down your "cross" (mating) So the cross ends-up written like this… T t x t t

13. 3. draw a p-square

14. 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square  Take the genotype letters of one parent, split them and put them on the left, outside the rows of the p- square.

15. 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square  Now take the two letters of the second parent's genotype, split them up, and place them above each of the two columns of the p-square.

16. 5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square  I kind of gave this away already, but to "determine the genotypes of the offspring" all we have to do is fill-in the boxes of the p-square. Again we do this be taking a letter from the left & matching it with a letter from the top. Like so:

17. Fill in the rest of the boxes…

20. 6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring) Parents ("P" Generation) Offspring ("F1" Generation) Genotypes Tt x tt Phenotypes Tall x short Tall x shortGenotypes 50% (2/4) Tt 50% (2/4) tt Phenotypes: 50% tall 50% short

21. Punnet Square Steps  1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms 2. write down your "cross" (mating) 3. draw a p-square 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p- square 5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square 6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring)