1. Cobb County Medical Examiner’s Office Presented by Michael Gerhard Operations Manager

2. What is a Medical Examiner? A medical doctor A medical doctor Board Certified Forensic Pathologist Board Certified Forensic Pathologist 13 years of school…after high school! 13 years of school…after high school! Appointed position by county Commission Appointed position by county Commission 4 Counties in Georgia have Medical Examiners - Cobb, Gwinnett, Dekalb, Fulton 4 Counties in Georgia have Medical Examiners - Cobb, Gwinnett, Dekalb, Fulton

3. What is a Coroner? No specific training required No specific training required Must be at least 25 years old Must be at least 25 years old Live in the same county Live in the same county Elected position Elected position Never convicted of a felony Never convicted of a felony There are 159 counties in Georgia – The GBI Medical Examiners handle 153 counties There are 159 counties in Georgia – The GBI Medical Examiners handle 153 counties

4. Georgia Death Investigation Act (O.C.G.A. 45-16-20)

5. When are Deaths reported? Caused by violence Caused by violence Suddenly when in good health Suddenly when in good health Unattended by a doctor Unattended by a doctor Suspicious or unusual, particularly to those 16 years old and younger Suspicious or unusual, particularly to those 16 years old and younger After birth but before age of 7 After birth but before age of 7 In custody of state, county, or city penal institution / Police In custody of state, county, or city penal institution / Police When unconscious upon arriving to the hospital or dying within 24 hours of admission When unconscious upon arriving to the hospital or dying within 24 hours of admission As a result State execution / death penalty (Butts County) As a result State execution / death penalty (Butts County)

6. Who works at the Medical Examiner’s Office?

7. The current Chief Medical Examiner is Dr. Brian Frist. He was an associate M.E. with Dr. Burton for Cobb, Dekalb, and Gwinnett Co. from 1989 to 1999.

8. Forensic Investigators Currently 4 on staff Currently 4 on staff Representative of the Medical Examiner Representative of the Medical Examiner Trained in death investigation, previous law enforcement background Trained in death investigation, previous law enforcement background Liaise with police, hospitals, families, media, etc. Liaise with police, hospitals, families, media, etc. Can provide official time of death Can provide official time of death Testify in court proceedings Testify in court proceedings

9. Forensic Technicians Currently 2 on staff Currently 2 on staff Background in funeral or health services Background in funeral or health services Assistant to the Medical Examiner in the lab Assistant to the Medical Examiner in the lab Removes organs Removes organs Documents all findings (ie: photos, drawings) Documents all findings (ie: photos, drawings) Collects evidence Collects evidence Takes x-rays Takes x-rays

10. Manners of Death Natural – death by natural physiological changes (i.e. cancer, diabetes, hypertension) Natural – death by natural physiological changes (i.e. cancer, diabetes, hypertension) Accident – death due to negligence, disaster, or the elements (i.e.: traffic accidents, overdoses, falls, exposure, storms,) Accident – death due to negligence, disaster, or the elements (i.e.: traffic accidents, overdoses, falls, exposure, storms,) Suicide – death caused by self Suicide – death caused by self Homicide – death caused by another Homicide – death caused by another Undetermined – death when a manner is not readily apparent even after a thorough examination and investigation Undetermined – death when a manner is not readily apparent even after a thorough examination and investigation

11. Manner, Cause, Mechanism Person accidently shoots a man during hunting. Person accidently shoots a man during hunting. Hiker dies from hypothermia. Hiker dies from hypothermia. Person overdoses on heroin. Person overdoses on heroin. Person overdoses on prescription under doctor care. Person overdoses on prescription under doctor care. Person drowns. Person drowns. Person dies of meningitis. Person dies of meningitis.

12. Cause of Death The process that produced the mechanism of death The process that produced the mechanism of deathEx:Stabbing Mechanism- actual physiological change that causes death Mechanism- actual physiological change that causes death Ex: Exsanguination (bleeding out) Ex: Exsanguination (bleeding out)

13. Common Mechanisms Asphyxia (changes due to lack of oxygen) Asphyxia (changes due to lack of oxygen)

14. Leading Causes of death U.S. 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke) 4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD; Bronchitis, Emphysema) 5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Alzheimer’s disease 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Kidney disease 10. Septicemia (Blood Infection) 11. Suicide 12. Chronic liver disease (Cirrhosis) 13. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 14. Parkinson’s disease (Affects Motor skills) 15. Homicide 15. Homicide National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 58, Number 19 May 20, 2010: Data for 2007

15. Leading Causes of Death for U.S. Youth 15-19 1. Unintentional Injury (Accidents) 2. Homicide 3. Suicide 4. Cancer 5. Heart Disease National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics Reports March 7, 2005

16. The Autopsy

17. External Exam Photographs Clothing Valuables X-rays Evidence Drawings Documents the external findings

18. Autopsy Forms

19. Autopsy Surgical Dissection Remove and weigh each organ Dissect and examine each organ Documents the internal findings

20. ORGANS Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidneys Pancreas Gastrointestinal tract Brain

21. Heart

23. Lungs

24. Liver

25. Spleen

26. Kidneys

27. Pancreas

28. Brain

29. Post Mortem Changes

30. Lividity  Settling of blood due to gravity. Most cases becomes visible within 30 minutes to two hours. Most cases becomes visible within 30 minutes to two hours. If the body’s position is changed, two patterns of lividity could develop. If the body’s position is changed, two patterns of lividity could develop. Helpful in determining if body has been moved. Helpful in determining if body has been moved. Cherry red coloration in Carbon Monoxide (CO) deaths. Cherry red coloration in Carbon Monoxide (CO) deaths.

31. Lividity

32. Rigor Mortis Stiffening of the muscles caused by chemical changes. Stiffening of the muscles caused by chemical changes. Starts in smallest muscles (eyelids, face, neck, fingers) Starts in smallest muscles (eyelids, face, neck, fingers) Peaks at 12 to 24 hours Peaks at 12 to 24 hours Leaves after 36 hours Leaves after 36 hours Little usefulness in determining time of death but helpful in determining position at death Little usefulness in determining time of death but helpful in determining position at death

33. Decomposition First external sign - Green discoloration over the right lower abdomen (24hrs to 2 days) First external sign - Green discoloration over the right lower abdomen (24hrs to 2 days)  Bloating – Expansion of body cavities caused by gases and chemical release of - ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, methane, phosphoric and sulfuric acids. Purge - Contents of the respiratory and GI tract exiting orifices as a result pressure. Purge - Contents of the respiratory and GI tract exiting orifices as a result pressure. Skin slippage – Epidermis separates from the dermis. Skin slippage – Epidermis separates from the dermis. Marbling - Pattern resulting from bacterial gases mixing with blood in the superficial blood vessels. Marbling - Pattern resulting from bacterial gases mixing with blood in the superficial blood vessels. Mummification - Extreme dehydration, occurring in a dry environment which can be warm or cold. Mummification - Extreme dehydration, occurring in a dry environment which can be warm or cold. Saponification - transformation of fatty tissues into adipocere or graves wax. Not common. Seen in bodies immersed in water or buried. Saponification - transformation of fatty tissues into adipocere or graves wax. Not common. Seen in bodies immersed in water or buried.

34. Early Decomposition

35. Marbling eMedicine

36. Advancing Decomposition eMedcine

37. Skin Slip

38. Traffic Accidents

39. Don’t be in a hurry

42. ALWAYS wear your seatbelt

46. Driving and alcohol do not mix

50. Determining time of death: Determining time of death: Ocular fluid- potassium level in vitreous humor in eyes rises after death Ocular fluid- potassium level in vitreous humor in eyes rises after death Gastrointestinal tract: Gastrointestinal tract: Stomach- contents digested and emptied within 2-4 hours Stomach- contents digested and emptied within 2-4 hours Small intestine- food further digested and absorbed, 2-3 hours (4-8 hours total time) Small intestine- food further digested and absorbed, 2-3 hours (4-8 hours total time) Large intestine-waste 12-24 hours (20- 30+ hours total time) Large intestine-waste 12-24 hours (20- 30+ hours total time)