1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic chemistry- purify and improve the yield of substances from organisms Built on foundation of vitalism: – organic compounds arise only within living organisms

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inorganic molecules  organic molecules? Earth’s early atmosphere: chemicals released by volcanic eruptions H2O vapor, H2, NH2, CH4

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.2 Electrode Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cold water Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 Laboratory experiments simulating an early Earth atmosphere WHO?

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.2 Electrode Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cold water Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 Laboratory experiments simulating an early Earth atmosphere WHO? -Stan Miller -Harold Urey

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26.2 EXPERIMENT: Electrode Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cold water Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 Primeval sea Reducing atmosphere Lightning “Rain” water

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings RESULTS: Figure 26.2 Electrode Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cold water Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 Miller and Urey identified variety of organic molecules -amino acids -complex oily hydrocarbons CONCLUSION: ?

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings RESULTS: Figure 26.2 Electrode Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cold water Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 Miller and Urey identified variety of organic molecules -amino acids -complex oily hydrocarbons CONCLUSION: In reducing environment organic molecules can form from inorganic molecules

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Concept 4.2 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon – A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds Figure 3.1A

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Concept 4.2 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon – A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds  build large and diverse organic compounds HOW? Figure 3.1A

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.1A How does carbon allow for large and diverse organic compounds? Structural Isomers 1. Length 2. Branched or Unbranched

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.1A 3. Placement of double bond = Geometric Isomers 4. Arrangement around carbon = Enantiomers

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 types of isomers: – Structural – Geometric – Enantiomers

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enantiomers – Are important in the pharmaceutical industry – Ex: Dopa and Thalidomide L-Dopa (effective against Parkinson’s disease) D-Dopa (biologically inactive) Figure 4.8

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Can you identify the following as structural isomers, geometric isomers or enantiomers? A. B. C.

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Can you identify the following as structural isomers, geometric isomers or enantiomers? A. B. C. Structural isomers Enantiomers Geometric isomers

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 4.3: Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions = molecular groups attached to C-skeleton

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Six functional groups are important in the chemistry of life 1. Hydroxyl 2. Carbonyl 3. Carboxyl 4. Amino 5. Sulfhydryl 6. Phosphate

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some important functional groups of organic compounds HYDROXYL CARBONYL Alcohols Ex: Ethanol Ex: Acetone

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some important functional groups of organic compounds - stabilize proteins HCC SH H H H H OH CCCOPOO OO HHH O H AMINO and CARBOXYL SULFHYDRYL PHOSPHATE Ex: Amino Acid Ex: ATP

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties CH 3 OH HO O CH 3 OH Estradiol Testosterone Female lion Male lion Figure 4.9

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Can you identify the functional groups in the following molecules? A. B. C.

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Can you identify the functional groups in the following molecules? A. B. C.

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Buffers Ch. 4 Miller Experiment Carbon’s bonding ability Functional groups

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A. B. C.