1. Ocean Systems CHAPTER the BIG idea The oceans are a connected system of water in motion. The oceans are a connected system. Ocean water moves in currents. Waves move through oceans. CHAPTER OUTLINE Waters rise and fall in tides. NEW CHAPTER 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES

2. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE salinity The oceans are a connected system. Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases. density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

3. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE salinity The oceans are a connected system. Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases. Ocean temperatures decrease with depth. The ocean floor has canyons, mountains, and many other features. density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

4. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE salinity The oceans are a connected system. Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases. Ocean temperatures decrease with depth. The ocean floor has canyons, mountains, and many other features. density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CLASSZONE.COM SIMULATION See what the ocean floor looks like. CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

5. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The measure of the amount of dissolved salt contained in water. salinity KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The oceans are a connected system. salinity density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

6. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A property of matter representing the mass per unit volume. density KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The oceans are a connected system. salinity density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

7. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The flat or gently sloping land that lies submerged around the edges of a continent and that extends from the shoreline out to the continental slope. continental shelf KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The oceans are a connected system. salinity density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

8. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Instruments that use echolocation to locate objects underwater; acronym for “sound navigation and ranging.” sonar KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The oceans are a connected system. salinity density continental shelf sonar 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

9. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Ocean water moves in currents. SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Surface currents are set in motion by winds and carry heat around the globe. Deep currents are caused by differences in water density. Dense water sinks at the poles and very slowly flows toward the equator. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

10. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A mass of moving ocean water. ocean current KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

11. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The vertical movement of deep water up to the surface. upwelling KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

12. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The movement of water from the surface to greater depths. downwelling KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

13. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A disturbance of wind patterns and ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean that causes temporary climate changes in many parts of the world. El Niño KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

14. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Waves move through oceans. rip current longshore current Ocean waves transport energy, not water. When a wave passes, water particles end up in the same places they began. Longshore currents occur when waves hit shores at angles. Rip currents are narrow streams of water that breakthrough sandbars. 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

15. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The overall direction and movement of water as waves strike the shore at an angle. longshore current KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Waves move through oceans. rip current longshore current 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

16. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A narrow stream of water that breaks through sandbars and drains rapidly back into deeper water. rip current KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Waves move through oceans. rip current longshore current 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

17. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Waters rise and fall in tides. tidal range tide spring tide The Moon’s gravity pulls Earth’s waters into bulges and dips. As Earth rotates, its movement through these bulges and dips causes tides. indirect high tide Earth Moon direct high tide neap tide 10.4 CLASSZONE.COM Watch daily tides in action. VISUALIZATION CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

18. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The periodic rising and falling of the water level of the ocean due to the gravitational pulls of the Moon and the Sun. tide KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Waters rise and fall in tides. tidal range tide spring tide neap tide 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

19. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The difference in height between high tide and low tide. tidal range Waters rise and fall in tides. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY tidal range tide spring tide neap tide 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

20. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A tide of large range occurring during the new and full moons, resulting in an extra-high tidal bulge and an extra-low tidal dip. spring tide Waters rise and fall in tides. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY tidal range tide spring tide neap tide 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

21. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A tide of small range occurring during the first- and third-quarter phases of the Moon. neap tide Waters rise and fall in tides. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY tidal range tide spring tide neap tide 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

22. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME I. The oceans are a connected system. A. Ocean water covers much of Earth. B. Ocean water contains salts and gases. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 1. Salts The oceans are a connected system. C. Ocean temperatures vary. 2. Mapping the Ocean Floor 1. Ocean Exploration 2. Oxygen and Other Gases salinity density continental shelf sonar D. The ocean floor has many features. 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

23. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME II. Ocean water moves in currents. A. The oceans have major currents. B. Currents interact with climate and weather. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 1. Surface Currents 2. Deep Currents Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

24. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME III. Waves move through oceans. A. Waves form in the open ocean. 1. Wave Action at the Water’s Surface 2. Wave Action near Shore KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Waves move through oceans. B. Waves cause currents near shore. rip current longshore current 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

25. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME IV. Waters rise and fall in tides. A. Coastal waters rise and fall each day. B. The gravity of the Moon and the Sun causes tides. 1. Daily Tides 2. Monthly Tides Waters rise and fall in tides. C. Tides can be used to generate electricity. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY tidal range tide spring tide neap tide 10.4 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

26. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. CLASSZONE.COM SIMULATION See what the ocean floor looks like. CLASSZONE.COM Watch daily tides in action. VISUALIZATION

27. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

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33. BACK TO CHAPTER Click on the items below to access resources on Standardized Test Practice Practice state standardized tests Resource Centers Get more information on select science topics Image Gallery Click here to view chapter images and animations Math Tutorial Review math concepts Content Review Review key concepts and vocabulary CLASSZONE.COM Chapter Resources CHAPTER HOME