2. San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California at San Diego Grid Physics Network (GriPhyN) University of Florida Data Grid and Gridflow Management Systems Arun swaran Jagatheesan San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) University of California at San Diego

3. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 2 “On Demand” Calibration of Content Been here before? a)Data / Storage in Grid - Concepts b)Data / Storage in Grid - Implementation c)Web Services in Grids d)Grid Workflow e)All the above f)Who would be elected in US?

4. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 3 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

5. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 4 Acknowledgement: SDSC SRB Team  Arun Jagatheesan  George Kremenek  Sheau-Yen Chen  Arcot Rajasekar  Reagan Moore  Michael Wan  Roman Olschanowsky  Bing Zhu  Charlie Cowart Not In Picture:  Wayne Schroeder  Tim Warnock (BIRN)  Lucas Gilbert  Marcio Faerman (SCEC)  Antoine De Torcy Students: Jonathan Weinberg Yufang Hu Daniel Moore Grace Lin Allen Ding Yi Li Emeritus: Vicky Rowley (BIRN) Qiao Xin Ethan Chen Reena Mathew Erik Vandekieft Xi (Cynthia) Sheng

6. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 5 Distributed Computing © Images courtesy of Computer History Museum

7. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 6 The “Grid” Vision

8. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 7 Data Grids Coordinated Cyberinfrastructure Formed by coordination of multiple autonomous organizations Preserves local autonomy and provides global consistency Logical Namespaces (Virtualizations) Virtualization mechanisms for resources (including storage space, data, metadata, processing pipelines and inter-organizational users)

9. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 8 Data Grid Using a Data Grid – in Abstract Ask for data User asks for data/storage from the data grid Data delivered The data/storage is found and returned Where & how details are managed by data grid But access controls are specified by owner

10. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 9 Data Grids – Hype Factor/Reality? Forrester Research “Data and infrastructure are top of mind for grid at more than 50 percent of firms … The vision of data grids will become part of a greater vision of storage virtualization and information life cycle management” – May 2004 CIO Magazine “While most people think of computational grids, enterprises are looking into data grids” – May 2004 Why talk about Busine$$ in an IEEE conference? Necessity drives business; business drives standards and technology evolution; …; grid is not just technology, but also standards

11. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 10 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

12. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 11 DGMS Technology usage NSF Southern California Earthquake Center digital library Worldwide Universities Network data grid NASA Information Power Grid NASA Goddard Data Management System data grid DOE BaBar High Energy Physics data grid NSF National Virtual Observatory data grid NSF ROADnet real-time sensor collection data grid NIH Biomedical Informatics Research Network data grid NARA research prototype persistent archive NSF National Science Digital Library persistent archive NHPRC Persistent Archive Test bed

13. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 12 Southern California Earthquake Center

14. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 13 Southern California Earthquake Center Build community digital library Manage simulation and observational data Anelastic wave propagation output 10 TBs, 1.5 million files Provide web-based interface Support standard services on digital library Manage data distributed across multiple sites USC, SDSC, UCSB, SDSU, SIO Provide standard metadata Community based descriptive metadata Administrative metadata Application specific metadata

15. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 14 SCEC Data Management Technologies Portals Knowledge interface to the library, presenting a coherent view of the services Knowledge Management Systems Organize relationships between SCEC concepts and semantic labels Process management systems Data processing pipelines to create derived data products Web services Uniform capabilities provided across SCEC collections Data grid Management of collections of distributed data Computational grid Access to distributed compute resources Persistent archive Management of technology evolution

16. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 15

17. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 16 NASA Data Grids NASA Information Power Grid NASA Ames, NASA Goddard Distributed data collection using the SRB ESIP federation Led by Joseph JaJa (U Md) Federation of ESIP data resources using the SRB NASA Goddard Data Management System Storage repository virtualization (Unix file system, Unitree archive, DMF archive) using the SRB NASA EOS Petabyte store Storage repository virtualization for EMC persistent store using the Nirvana version of SRB

18. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 17 NCSA 6+2 TF 4 TB Memory 400 TB disk SDSC 4.1 TF 2 TB Memory 500 TB SAN Caltech 0.5 TF.4 TB Memory 86 TB disk ANL 1 TF.25 TB Memory 25 TB disk 32 5 5 TeraGrid: 13.6 TF, 6.8 TB memory, 900 TB network disk, 10 PB archive HPSS 9 PB ESnet HSCC MREN/Abilene Starlight 32 24 8 32 24 8 4 Juniper M160 OC-12 OC-48 OC-12 574p IA-32 Chiba City 128p Origin HR Display & VR Facilities 256p HP X-Class 128p HP V2500 92p IA-32 Myrinet Chicago & LA DTF Core Switch/Routers Cisco 65xx Catalyst Switch (256 Gb/s Crossbar) OC-12 OC-3 vBNS Abilene MREN 1176p IBM SP 1.7 TFLOPs Blue Horizon OC-48 NTON 4 4 2 x Sun E10K 4 15xxp Origin UniTree 1024p IA-32 320p IA-64 2 14 8 vBNS Abilene Calren ESnet OC-12 OC-3 8 Sun Server 16 GbE 24 Extreme Blk Diamond OC-12 ATM Calren

19. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 18 NIH BIRN SRB Data Grid Biomedical Informatics Research Network Access and analyze biomedical image data Data resources distributed throughout the country Medical schools and research centers across the US Stable high performance grid based environment Coordinate data sharing Federate collections Support data mining and analysis

20. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 19 BIRN: Inter-organizational Data

21. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 20 SRB Collections at SDSC

22. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 21 Commonality in all these projects Distributed data management Data Grids, Digital Libraries, Persistent Archives, Workflow/dataflow Pipelines, Knowledge Generation Data/storage provisioning – multiple domains Common logical namespace for data and storage Data publication Browsing and discovery of data in collections Data Preservation Management of technology evolution

23. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 22 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

24. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 23 Common Data Grid Components Federated Middleware (servers and clients) Servers can talk to each other independently of the client Infrastructure independent naming Logical names for users, resources, files, applications Collective ownership of data Collection-owned data, with infrastructure independent access control lists Context management Record state information in a metadata catalog from data grid services such as replication Abstractions for dealing with heterogeneity

25. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 24 Physical Layer (Real World) Distributed digital entities Heterogeneous and distributed storage resources Autonomous Organizations Distributed Users, distributed authentication Heterogeneous authorization schemes Users; sub-organizations; organizations/enterprises; virtual organizations

26. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 25 Data Grid Transparencies/Virtualizations (bits,data,information,..) Storage Resource Transparency Storage Location Transparency E:\srbVault\image.jpg /users/srbVault/image.jpg Select … from srb.mdas.td where... Data Identifier Transparency image_0.jpg…image_100.jpg Data Replica Transparency image.sqlimage.cgiimage.wsdl Virtual Data Transparency Semantic data Organization (with behavior) patientRecordsCollectionmyActiveNeuroCollection Inter- organizational Information Storage Management

27. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 26 Data Grid Transparencies Find data without knowing the identifier Descriptive attributes Access data/storage without knowing the location Logical name space Access data without knowing the type of storage Storage repository abstraction Provide transformations for any data collection Data behavior abstraction

28. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 27 Data Grid Abstractions Storage repository virtualization Standard operations supported on storage systems Data virtualization Logical name space for files - Global persistent identifier Information repository virtualization Standard operations to manage collections in databases Access virtualization Standard interface to support alternate APIs Latency management mechanisms Aggregation, parallel I/O, replication, caching Security interoperability GSSAPI, inter-realm authentication, collection-based authorization

29. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 28 Data Organization Physical Organization of the data Distributed Data Heterogeneous resources Multiple formats (structured and unstructured) Logical Organization Impose logical structure for data sets Collections of semantically related data sets Users create their own views (collections) of the data grid

30. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 29 Data Identifier Transparency Four Types of Data Identifiers: Unique name OID or handle Descriptive name Descriptive attributes – meta data Semantic access to data Collective name Logical name space of a collection of data sets Location independent Physical name Physical location of resource and physical path of data

31. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 30 Mappings on Resource Name Space Define logical resource name List of physical resources Replication Write to logical resource completes when all physical resources have a copy Load balancing Write to a logical resource completes when copy exist on next physical resource in the list Fault tolerance Write to a logical resource completes when copies exist on “k” of “n” physical resources

32. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 31 Data Replica Transparency Replication Improve access time Improve reliability Provide disaster backup and preservation Physically or Semantically equivalent replicas Replica consistency Synchronization across replicas on writes Updates might use “m of n” or any other policy Distributed locking across multiple sites Versions of files Time-annotated snapshots of data

33. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 32 Latency Management -Bulk Operations Bulk register Create a logical name for a file Bulk load Create a copy of the file on a data grid storage repository Bulk unload Provide containers to hold small files and pointers to each file location Bulk delete Mark as deleted in metadata catalog After specified interval, delete file Bulk metadata load Requests for bulk operations for access control setting, …

34. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 33 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

35. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 34 Storage Resource Broker Distributed data management technology Developed at San Diego Supercomputer Center (Univ. of California, San Diego) 1996 - DARPA Massive Data Analysis 1998 - DARPA/USPTO Distributed Object Computation Test bed 2000 to present - NSF, NASA, NARA, DOE, DOD, NIH, NLM, NHPRC Applications Data grids - data sharing Digital libraries - data publication Persistent archives - data preservation Used in national and international projects in support of Astronomy, Bio-Informatics, Biology, Earth Systems Science, Ecology, Education, Geology, Government records, High Energy Physics, Seismology

36. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 35 Data Grid Federation Data grids provide the ability to name, organize, and manage data on distributed storage resources Federation provides a way to name, organize, and manage data on multiple data grids.

37. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 36 SRB Zones Each SRB zone uses a metadata catalog (MCAT) to manage the context associated with digital content Context includes: Administrative, descriptive, authenticity attributes Users Resources Applications

38. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 37 SRB Peer-to-Peer Federation Mechanisms to impose consistency and access constraints on: Resources Controls on which zones may use a resource User names (user-name / domain / SRB-zone) Users may be registered into another domain, but retain their home zone, similar to Shibboleth Data files Controls on who specifies replication of data MCAT metadata Controls on who manages updates to metadata

39. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 38 Peer-to-Peer Federation 1. Occasional Interchange - for specified users 2. Replicated Catalogs - entire state information replication 3. Resource Interaction - data replication 4. Replicated Data Zones - no user interactions between zones 5. Master-Slave Zones - slaves replicate data from master zone 6. Snow-Flake Zones - hierarchy of data replication zones 7. User / Data Replica Zones - user access from remote to home zone 8. Nomadic Zones “SRB in a Box” - synchronize local zone to parent 9. Free-floating “myZone” - synchronize without a parent zone 10. Archival “BackUp Zone” - synchronize to an archive SRB Version 3.0.1 released December 19, 2003

40. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 39 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

41. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 40 Why Data Grids Need Services? Standardization Grid vision can not be achieved without standards Dynamic discovery and late-binding of resources on demand Resources as Services Each resource could be treated as an endpoint Flexibility XML internally helps in interoperable resource descriptions

42. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 41 Grid Middleware as Services Standard protocols / interfaces Heterogeneous implementation infrastructure Standard PortType for a Data Grid Service Provider Standard Schemes Flexible open standards for operations on Data Grids Adding an organization to a data grid programmatically Adding resources on demand Standard Data models for Resources (Schemas) Description of Resources in a Grid Resources become Services

43. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 42 Challenges in using Services for Data Grids High Performance Requirement Can verbose XML between clients and grid middleware? Scalability Will XML based services scale or become bottleneck? Wait for SOA Standardization (e.g) WSDL 2.0 - necessary wait though Community Resistance “I will use the regular API – at least for now” Tools for development

44. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 43 Standardization of Data Grid Services Global Grid Forum (GGF) Data Area Grid File System, DAIS, GSM, … Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) WS-Resource Framework Slowly evolving as a community effort

45. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 44 GFS Service Provider /…/text1.txt /…//text2.txt GRP /txt3.txt GRP Storage-R-Us Resource Providers data + storage (50) Finance Department data + storage (40) Research Lab data + storage (10) /home/arun.sdsc/exp1 /home/arun.sdsc/exp1/text1.txt /home/arun.sdsc/exp1/text2.txt /home/arun.sdsc/exp1/text3.txt data + storage (100) Logical Namespace (Need not be same as physical view of resources )

46. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 45 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

47. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 46 Work in progress GfMS is ‘Hard Hat Area’ (Research)

48. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 47 Gridflow in SCEC (data  information pipeline) Metadata derivation Ingest Metadata Ingest Data Determine analysis pipeline Initiate automated analysis Organize result data into distributed data grid collections Use the optimal set of resources based on the task – on demand Pipeline could be triggered by input at data source or by a data request from user All gridflow activities stored for data flow provenance

49. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 48 Gridflows Grid Workflow (Gridflow) is the automation of a execution pipeline in which data or tasks are processed through multiple autonomous grid resources according to a set of procedural rules Gridflows are executed on resources that are dynamically obtained through confluence of one or more autonomous administrative domains (peers)

50. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 49 Data  Discovery Digital entities Meta-data Services State New data updates relationships among data in collections Services invoked to analyze new relationships DGMS applications get notified of state updates Digital entities Meta-data Services State

51. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 50 What they want? We know the business (scientific) process CyberInfrastructure is all we care (why bother about atoms or DNA)

52. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 51 What they want? Use DGL to describe your process logic with abstract references to datagrid infrastructure dependencies

53. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 52 Need for Gridflows Data-intensive and/or compute-intensive processes Long run processes or pipelines on the Grid (e.g) If job A completes execute jobs x, y, z; else execute job B. Self-organization/management of data Semi-automation of data, storage distribution, curation processes (e.g) After each data insert into a collection, update the meta-data information about the collection or replicate the collection Knowledge Generation Offline data analysis and knowledge generation pipelines (e.g) What inferences can be assumed from the new seismology graphs added to this collection? Which domain scientist will be interested to study these new possible pre-results?

54. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 53 Gridflow Description Requirements Import and export Import or export Gridflows (embedded gridflows) Support and extend existing standards like XQuery, BPEL, SOAP etc., Rules Dynamic rules to control the execution of gridflow Query Runtime Query on status of gridflow Granular Metadata Metadata associated with the steps in a gridflow execution that can be queried Gridflow Patterns Scientific Computing - more looping structures Interest in execution of each iteration and the changes in interested attributes http://tmitwww.tm.tue.nl/research/patterns/standards.htm

55. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 54 Data Grid Language Assembly Language for Grid Computing? (ok, its hype) Describes Gridflow Both structure-based and state-based gridflow patterns Described ECA based rules Inbuilt support to define data grid datatypes like collections, … Query Gridflow Query on the execution of any gridflow (any granular detail) XQuery is used to query on the status of gridflow and its attributes Manage Gridflow Start or stop the gridflow in execution

56. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 55 Structure and state based Gridflow patterns Simple Sequential Execute steps in a gridflow in a sequence one after another Simple Parallel Start all the steps in a gridflow at the same time For Loop Iteration Execute steps changing some iterator value until a given state is achieved While Block (Milestone) Execute steps while some mile stone can be achieved IF-Else Block Branch based on the evaluation of a state condition Switch-choice(s) Split to execute any of the possible cases based on the context For-each

57. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 56 SDSC Matrix Project R&D effort that is used in academic projects Gridflow Protocols Gridflow Language Descriptions Version 3.2 released, implements DGL Community based Both Industry and Academia can benefit by participation Involves University of Florida, UCSD, … (Are you In?)

58. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 57 Gridflow Process I End User using DGBuilder Gridflow Description Data Grid Language

59. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 58 Gridflow Process II Abstract Gridflow using Data Grid Language Concrete Gridflow Planner

60. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 59 Gridflow Process III Concrete Gridflow Gridflow P2P Network Gridflow Processor

61. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 60 SDSC Matrix Project: Open source gridflow effort The growth of the SDSC Matrix Project is made possible by developers and grid-prophets like you (Thank you) talk2Matrix@sdsc.edu

62. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 61 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

63. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 62 DGMS Philosophy Collective view of Inter-organizational data Operations on datagrid space Local autonomy and global state consistency Collaborative datagrid communities Multiple administrative domains or “Grid Zones” Self-describing and self-manipulating data Horizontal and vertical behavior Loose coupling between data and behavior (dynamically) Relationships between a digital entity and its Physical locations, Logical names, Meta-data, Access control, Behavior, “Grid Zones”.

64. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 63 DGMS Research Issues Self-organization of datagrid communities Using knowledge relationships across the datagrids Inter-datagrid operations based on semantics of data in the communities (different ontologies) High speed data transfer Terabyte to transfer Protocols, routers needed Latency Management Data source speed >> data sink speed Datagrid Constraints Data placement and scheduling How many replicas, where to place them…

65. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 64 Active Datagrid Collections SDSC 121.Event Thit.xml National Lab getEvents() 121.Event Hits.sql University of Gators addEvent() Resources Data Sets Behavior

66. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 65 Active Datagrid Collections Heterogeneous, distributed physical data SDSC Dynamic or virtual data 121.Event Thit.xml National Lab getEvents() 121.Event Hits.sql University of Gators addEvent() National Lab University of Gators

67. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 66 Active Datagrid Collections myHEP-Collection SDSC 121.Event Thit.xml National Lab 121.Event Hits.sql University of Gators Logical Collection gives location and naming transparency SDSC Meta-data

68. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 67 Active Datagrid Collections myHEP-Collection SDSC 121.Event Thit.xml National Lab 121.Event Hits.sql University of Gators Now add behavior or services to this logical collection Meta-data SDSC Collection state and services Horizontal Services getEvents() addEvent()

69. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 68 Active Datagrid Collections myHEP-Collection SDSC 121.Event Thit.xml National Lab 121.Event Hits.sql University of Gators Meta-data SDSC Collection state and services Horizontal Services getEvents() addEvent() ADC specific Operations + Model View Controllers ADC Logical view of data & operations

70. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 69 Active Datagrid Collections Digital entities Meta-data Services State Horizontal datagrid services and vertical domain specific services (portType) or pipelines (DGL) Events, collective state, mappings to domain services to be invoked Standardized schema with domain specific schema extensions Physical and virtual data present in the datagrid

71. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 70 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

72. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 71 Related Technologies/Links – Data Grids A complete history of the Grid SDSC Storage Resource Broker Globus Data Grid The Legion Project To go a link, use them in Google’s “I’m Feeling Lucky” option (or look into the notes in this presentation)

73. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 72 Talk Outline Introduction Grid Computing, Data Grids Data Grid Infrastructures Data Grid Management System (DGMS) Basic Concepts Implementation Example (SRB) Grid Middleware as Service Gridflows Related Topics and Research Issues Demo / Hands on session

74. San Diego Supercomputer Center University of California at San Diego University of Florida 73 Summary Data Grids – next generation data management Lot of possibilities and use cases Transparencies for distributed storage and data Data Grid Management System Need for standard Services Gridflows Peer-2-peer Grid Workflows Research Issues