1. Geography Project 2014 -1 Group7

2. 1.Details 2.Aims 3.Variables 4.Hypothesis & Rationale 5.Methodology 6.Comparison 7.Evaluation 8.Conclusion Agenda

3. Details: Ian Ng (23) - Group Leader and Measurer Fan Kai Sheng (08) - Results Recorder Heng Wei (11) - Results Recorder Dragon Chew (04) - Photographer

4. Aim To investigate the effects of solar radiation (heat) on air temperature at a given height. To find out if concrete areas are hotter than non-concrete areas.

5. Hypothesis, Rationale & Counter Proposal As the proximity to concrete surfaces increases, the air temperature increases due to the heat retained and trapped by the concrete. The further it is from the ground, and therefore, the closer it is to the sun, it gets hotter as the sun rays are shone directly, thus causing the air to heat up faster.

6. Variables CONSTANT 1.Height from surface (15cm, 1m) 1.Testing Grounds INDEPENDENT 1. Surface material (Concrete, rubber, grass & soil) 1. Clouds, presence of water, vegetation, dust particles need to further analyse your data and use it as an evidence to accept or reject hypothesis

7. Methodology And Pictures of Site

8. Weather DAY 1: SUNNY, HOT, CLOUDLESS, WINDLESS DAY 2: LESS SUNNY, LESS HOT, CLOUDY, WINDY

9. Top Floor Of Multi Storey Car Park - Site A Surrounded by concrete and cars. Open-air with little shelter. Highest elevation point among testing grounds. Some cars were dusty and thus, trapping heat. The concrete floor was very hot to human touch.

10. Garden Outside Printing Centre - Site B Lush vegetation in surrounding with only a path walk made from concrete. School buildings 50m away doesn't provide much shade.

11. Open Space Between Block C and Canteen - Site C Surface material was grass and soil with concrete paving 10 m away. Not much shelter with open air concept.

12. Terraces - Site D Made out of concrete. Trees located at the top of terraces, about 25m away from testing point. Rubber track is located 25m down and field with grass and soil about 70m out. The vegetation and synthetic material don’t really trap heat and there is hardly any shade.

13. Field - Site E Surrounded by grass. From testing point at centre of the arena, it is 50m from the track and about a 100m from the concrete terraces. It is open air with no shelter, tall trees or buildings.

14. Running Track - Site F Made up of synthetic rubber which is a poor conductor of heat. Located 5 m from field and concrete terraces in the middle. The field has vegetation which cools it down while the concrete does the opposite.

15. Fountain Area Outside General Office - Site G The site is located a metre away from water source. Temperature may be affected by already-existing evaporated water vapour. So, it is lowered as the surrounding air loses heat to them. The floor is made out of stone, and thus, a poor conductor. Some shrubs nearby but hardly any shelter.

16. Comparisons Conclusions And Evaluations

17. Table

18. Inference Based on average, both heights for day 1, the order from hottest to coolest is: F, E, D, A, B, C, G. For day 2, its is: E, F, C, D, A, B, G. But general air temperature, regardless of height, it is: E, F, C, D, A, B, G.

19. Results The hottest area turned out to be the field area and running track though it has vegetation. The concrete areas of the Car Park and Terraces disappointed, coming in in the middle places. The worst was the area next to the fountain.

20. Evaluation Our 2nd aim was answered, that not necessarily are concrete places hotter than and non-concrete places. It is also unanimously shown that it is hotter further from ground than that of further away. Also, water affects the air temperature the most.

21. Conclusion Only our second hypothesis was correct and not our first. We suspect it is because the concrete retains and traps heat in the actual pavement, but being a poor conductor of heat, it releases heat and warms the surrounding air at very slow rate. This is unexpected. We think it is because of the cloud cover which reflected more rays, thus resulting in the anomaly.

22. End Thank You

23. Garden Outside Printing Centre - Site B Lush vegetation in surrounding with only a path walk made from concrete. School buildings 50m away doesn't provide much shade.

24. Open Space Between Block C and Canteen - Site C Surface material was grass and soil with concrete paving 10 m away. Not much shelter with open air concept.

25. Terraces - Site D Made out of concrete. Trees located at the top of terraces, about 25m away from testing point. Rubber track is located 25m down and field with grass and soil about 70m out. The vegetation and synthetic material don’t really trap heat and there is hardly any shade.

26. Field - Site E Surrounded by grass. From testing point at centre of the arena, it is 50m from the track and about a 100m from the concrete terraces. It is open air with no shelter, tall trees or buildings.

27. Running Track - Site F Made up of synthetic rubber which is a poor conductor of heat. Located 5 m from field and concrete terraces in the middle. The field has vegetation which cools it down while the concrete does the opposite.

28. Fountain Area Outside General Office - Site G The site is located a metre away from water source. Temperature may be affected by already-existing evaporated water vapour. So, it is lowered as the surrounding air loses heat to them. The floor is made out of stone, and thus, a poor conductor. Some shrubs nearby but hardly any shelter.

29. Comparisons Conclusions And Evaluations

30. Table

31. Inference Based on average, both heights for day 1, the order from hottest to coolest is: F, E, D, A, B, C, G. For day 2, its is: E, F, C, D, A, B, G. But general air temperature, regardless of height, it is: E, F, C, D, A, B, G.

32. Results The hottest area turned out to be the field area and running track though it has vegetation. The concrete areas of the Car Park and Terraces disappointed, coming in in the middle places. The worst was the area next to the fountain.

33. Evaluation Our 2nd aim was answered, that not necessarily are concrete places hotter than and non-concrete places. It is also unanimously shown that it is hotter further from ground than that of further away. Also, water affects the air temperature the most.

34. Conclusion Only our second hypothesis was correct and not our first. We suspect it is because the concrete retains and traps heat in the actual pavement, but being a poor conductor of heat, it releases heat and warms the surrounding air at very slow rate. This is unexpected. We think it is because of the cloud cover which reflected more rays, thus resulting in the anomaly.

35. End Thank You