1. More on Primary and Foreign Keys Please see speaker notes for additional information!

2. SQL> SELECT * FROM student00; STUD NAME STADR CITY ST ZIP PHONE SSNUM MA ---- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -- ----- ---------- --------- -- ENROLLED --------- 1111 Stephen Daniels 345 Midland Ave Yonkers NY 03456 9145553456 036574678 BU 09-SEP-00 1212 Jennifer Ames 12 Ave F Fall River MA 02740 5085558343 034759850 CI 02-SEP-00 2222 Carl Hersey 12 Ave F Fall River MA 02740 5085558343 045673945 BU 02-SEP-00 2345 Mary Stanton 156 West St Taunton MA 04567 5085552090 035678090 CI 05-SEP-00 3333 John Richards 76 Main St Fall River MA 02456 5085556498 035656432 CI 06-SEP-00 Student system This is the student00 table that holds information about the individual student. We will establish the primary key as studentidno. SQL> DESC student00; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STUDENTIDNO VARCHAR2(4) NAME VARCHAR2(20) STADR VARCHAR2(20) CITY VARCHAR2(20) STATE VARCHAR2(2) ZIP VARCHAR2(5) PHONE VARCHAR2(10) SSNUM VARCHAR2(9) MAJORCODE VARCHAR2(2) ENROLLED DATE

3. SQL> SELECT * FROM stucourse00; STUD COURS SEMTA GR ---- ----- ----- -- 1111 CIS11 F2000 A- 1111 MAR11 F2000 A 1111 CIS44 S2000 A 1212 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 MAN11 F2000 A- 3333 CIS44 F2000 B 3333 CIS50 F2000 B+ 3333 CIS56 S2000 A- 2345 CIS50 F2000 I 1111 CIS50 S2000 A+ Student system SQL> DESC stucourse00 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STUDENTIDNO VARCHAR2(4) COURSECD VARCHAR2(5) SEMTAKEN VARCHAR2(5) GRADE VARCHAR2(2) This is the stucourse00 table that contains information on the courses the student has taken. The key to this table will be the studentidno combined with the coursecd combined with the semtaken.

4. SQL> SELECT * FROM major00; MA MAJORNAME CHAIR -- ------------------------------ -------------------- BU Business Administration Adams CI Computer Information Systems Grocer SQL> DESC major00; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- MAJORCODE VARCHAR2(2) MAJORNAME VARCHAR2(30) CHAIR VARCHAR2(20) Student system This is the table that holds information about the major itself. The primary key for this table will be the majorcode.

5. SQL> SELECT * FROM course00; COURS COURSENAME CREDITS ----- ------------------------------ --------- CIS11 Intro to Computer Info Systems 3 CIS44 Internet User/Developer 3 CIS50 Oracle and SQL 3 CIS56 Visual Basic 3 MAN11 Intro to Management 3 MAR11 Marketing Principles 3 6 rows selected. SQL> DESC course00 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- COURSECD VARCHAR2(5) COURSENAME VARCHAR2(30) CREDITS NUMBER(1) Student system This is the table that holds information about the courses themselves. The primary key for this table will be the coursecd.

6. Student system SQL> ALTER TABLE student00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT studentidno_pk PRIMARY KEY (studentidno); Table altered. SQL> DESC student00 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STUDENTIDNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(4) NAME VARCHAR2(20) STADR VARCHAR2(20) CITY VARCHAR2(20) STATE VARCHAR2(2) ZIP VARCHAR2(5) PHONE VARCHAR2(10) SSNUM VARCHAR2(9) MAJORCODE VARCHAR2(2) ENROLLED DATE SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUDENT00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - ----------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT STUDENTIDNO_PK P STUDENT00 ENABLED The ALTER statement is used to add the PRIMARY KEY to the student00 table.

7. SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT thekey_pk PRIMARY KEY (studentidno, coursecd, semtaken); ALTER TABLE stucourse00 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02437: cannot enable (SCOTT.THEKEY_PK) - primary key violated SQL> select * from stucourse00; STUD COURS SEMTA GR ---- ----- ----- -- 1111 CIS11 F2000 A- 1111 MAR11 F2000 A 1111 CIS44 S2000 A 1212 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 MAN11 F2000 A- 3333 CIS44 F2000 B 3333 CIS50 F2000 B+ 3333 CIS56 S2000 A- 2345 CIS50 F2000 I 1111 CIS50 S2000 A+ 12 rows selected. Student system I have a problem here, there are two courses with the same studentidno, same coursecd and same semtaken. When I try to create the key, I get an error because the primary key would be violated.

8. SQL> DELETE FROM stucourse00 2 WHERE studentidno = '3333' AND coursecd = 'CIS44'; 2 rows deleted. SQL> INSERT INTO stucourse00 2 VALUES('3333','CIS44','F2000','B'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM stucourse00; STUD COURS SEMTA GR ---- ----- ----- -- 1111 CIS11 F2000 A- 1111 MAR11 F2000 A 1111 CIS44 S2000 A 1212 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 MAN11 F2000 A- 3333 CIS50 F2000 B+ 3333 CIS56 S2000 A- 2345 CIS50 F2000 I 1111 CIS50 S2000 A+ 3333 CIS44 F2000 B 11 rows selected. SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT thekey_pk PRIMARY KEY (studentidno, coursecd, semtaken); Table altered. SQL> DESC stucourse00 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STUDENTIDNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(4) COURSECD NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5) SEMTAKEN NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5) GRADE VARCHAR2(2) I deleted the identical records and added one back in. The ALTER creates the Primary Key made up of three fields: studentidno, coursecd, semtaken.

9. SQL> ALTER TABLE major00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT majorcode_pk PRIMARY KEY (majorcode); Table altered. SQL> DESC major00; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- MAJORCODE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(2) MAJORNAME VARCHAR2(30) CHAIR VARCHAR2(20) SQL> ALTER TABLE course00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT coursecd_pk PRIMARY KEY (coursecd); Table altered. Student system Here I am creating the primary key for the major00 table which is majorcode. SQL> DESC course00 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- COURSECD NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5) COURSENAME VARCHAR2(30) CREDITS NUMBER(1) Here I am creating the primary key for the course00 table which is coursecd.

10. SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUCOURSE00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - -------------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT THEKEY_PK P STUCOURSE00 ENABLED SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'MAJOR00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - -------------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT MAJORCODE_PK P MAJOR00 ENABLED SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'COURSE00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - -------------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT COURSECD_PK P COURSE00 ENABLED

11. SQL> DESC student00; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STUDENTIDNO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(4) NAME VARCHAR2(20) STADR VARCHAR2(20) CITY VARCHAR2(20) STATE VARCHAR2(2) ZIP VARCHAR2(5) PHONE VARCHAR2(10) SSNUM VARCHAR2(9) MAJORCODE VARCHAR2(2) ENROLLED DATE SQL> DESC major00; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- MAJORCODE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(2) MAJORNAME VARCHAR2(30) CHAIR VARCHAR2(20) SQL>ALTER TABLE student00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT majorcode_fk FOREIGN KEY(majorcode) REFERENCES major00; Table altered. Student system I want to establish majorcode on the student00 table as a foreign key linking to majorcode on the major00 table. The alter statement optionally names the key that is being established. The required portions of the add constraint are to establish that it is a foreign key, the name of the foreign key on the table student00 where it is a foreign key and to establish the table that I want to link to. Note the link is to the primary key already established on the major00 table.

12. SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUDENT00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - ------------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT STUDENTIDNO_PK P STUDENT00 ENABLED SCOTT MAJORCODE_FK R STUDENT00 SCOTT MAJORCODE_PK NO ACTION ENABLED Student system

13. SQL> ALTER TABLE student00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT major_fk FOREIGN KEY(majorcode) REFERENCES experiment_major; ADD CONSTRAINT major_fk FOREIGN KEY(majorcode) REFERENCES experiment_major * ERROR at line 2: ORA-02268: referenced table does not have a primary key SQL> CREATE INDEX major_index ON experiment_major(majorcode); Index created. SQL> ALTER TABLE student00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT major_fk FOREIGN KEY(majorcode) REFERENCES experiment_major; ADD CONSTRAINT major_fk FOREIGN KEY(majorcode) REFERENCES experiment_major * ERROR at line 2: ORA-02268: referenced table does not have a primary key SQL> DESC experiment_major; Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- MAJORCODE VARCHAR2(2) MAJORNAME VARCHAR2(30) CHAIR VARCHAR2(20) I created the experiment_major table to experiment with. It is set up just like major00. Because experiment_major does not have a primary key, I can not establish a foreign key link to it. I then created an index in experiment_major to see if I could link to that, again it was rejected.

14. SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUCOURSE00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - ----------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT THEKEY_PK P STUCOURSE00 ENABLED SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT coursecd_FK FOREIGN KEY(coursecd) REFERENCES course00; Table altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUCOURSE00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - ----------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT THEKEY_PK P STUCOURSE00 ENABLED SCOTT COURSECD_FK R STUCOURSE00 SCOTT COURSECD_PK NO ACTION ENABLED

15. SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT studentidno_FK FOREIGN KEY(studentidno) REFERENCES student00; Table altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'STUCOURSE00'; OWNER CONSTRAINT_NAME C TABLE_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ - ------------------- SEARCH_CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- R_OWNER R_CONSTRAINT_NAME DELETE_RU STATUS ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- -------- SCOTT THEKEY_PK P STUCOURSE00 ENABLED SCOTT COURSECD_FK R STUCOURSE00 SCOTT COURSECD_PK NO ACTION ENABLED SCOTT STUDENTIDNO_FK R STUCOURSE00 SCOTT STUDENTIDNO_PK NO ACTION ENABLED Student system

16. SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS 2 WHERE TABLE_NAME IN ('STUDENT00', 'STUCOURSE00', 'COURSE00', 'MAJOR00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME ------------------------------ COURSE00 COURSECD_PK MAJOR00 MAJORCODE_PK STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENT00 STUDENTIDNO_PK STUDENT00 MAJORCODE_FK 7 rows selected. Student system A very useful way to find out what constraints are active in the system that is being used is the SELECT below. Here I can see the keys for all four tables.

17. SQL> SELECT studentidno, name 2 FROM student00; STUD NAME ---- -------------------- 1111 Stephen Daniels 1212 Jennifer Ames 2222 Carl Hersey 2345 Mary Stanton 3333 John Richards Student system SQL> INSERT INTO stucourse00 2 VALUES ('1234','CIS11','S2000','C'); INSERT INTO stucourse00 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.STUDENTIDNO_FK) violated - parent key not found SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS 2 WHERE TABLE_NAME IN ('STUDENT00', 'STUCOURSE00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME ------------------------------ STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENT00 STUDENTIDNO_PK STUDENT00 MAJORCODE_FK The stucourse00 table has a foreign key on the studentidno which is linked to the primary key on the student00 table. This means that I cannot add a record to the stucourse00 table unless the studentidno of the new record already exists on the student00.

18. Student system SQL> SELECT * 2 FROM course00; COURS COURSENAME CREDITS ----- ------------------------------ --------- CIS11 Intro to Computer Info Systems 3 CIS44 Internet User/Developer 3 CIS50 Oracle and SQL 3 CIS56 Visual Basic 3 MAN11 Intro to Management 3 MAR11 Marketing Principles 3 SQL> INSERT INTO stucourse00 2 VALUES ('3333','CIS40','S2000','C'); INSERT INTO stucourse00 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.COURSECD_FK) violated - parent key not found SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS 2 WHERE TABLE_NAME IN ('STUCOURSE00','COURSE00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME ------------------------------ COURSE00 COURSECD_PK STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK This time the studentidno was okay, but I attempted to add a course that did not exist when I added the child record to stucourse00. Therefore the parent violation of coursecd_fk.

19. SQL> INSERT INTO course00 2 VALUES('CIS40', 'Lotus Notes', 3); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM course00; COURS COURSENAME CREDITS ----- ------------------------------ --------- CIS11 Intro to Computer Info Systems 3 CIS44 Internet User/Developer 3 CIS50 Oracle and SQL 3 CIS56 Visual Basic 3 MAN11 Intro to Management 3 MAR11 Marketing Principles 3 CIS40 Lotus Notes 3 7 rows selected. Student system SQL> INSERT INTO stucourse00 2 VALUES ('3333','CIS40','S2000','C'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM stucourse00; STUD COURS SEMTA GR ---- ----- ----- -- 1111 CIS11 F2000 A- 1111 MAR11 F2000 A 1111 CIS44 S2000 A 1212 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 CIS44 S2000 A 2222 MAN11 F2000 A- 3333 CIS40 S2000 C 3333 CIS50 F2000 B+ 3333 CIS56 S2000 A- 2345 CIS50 F2000 I 1111 CIS50 S2000 A+ 3333 CIS44 F2000 B I have now added a course, CIS40 to the course00 table. Now when I attempt to add a record to stucourse00 table it is successful because studentidno 3333 exists on student00 and because of the insert above, CIS40 now exists on course00.

20. SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME 2 from USER_CONS_COLUMNS 3 WHERE TABLE_NAME 4 IN ('STUDENT00', 'STUCOURSE00', 'COURSE00', 'MAJOR00'); CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME ------------------------------ COURSECD_FK COURSECD COURSECD_PK COURSECD MAJORCODE_FK MAJORCODE MAJORCODE_PK MAJORCODE STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENTIDNO STUDENTIDNO_PK STUDENTIDNO THEKEY_PK STUDENTIDNO THEKEY_PK COURSECD THEKEY_PK SEMTAKEN 9 rows selected. Student system This shows the constraint name and the columns involved. Note that for THEKEY_PK there are three columns listed because this key is made up of three columns.

21. SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME 2 FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS 3 WHERE TABLE_NAME 4 IN ('STUDENT00', 'STUCOURSE00', 'COURSE00', 'MAJOR00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------- STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK COURSECD COURSE00 COURSECD_PK COURSECD STUDENT00 MAJORCODE_FK MAJORCODE MAJOR00 MAJORCODE_PK MAJORCODE STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENTIDNO STUDENT00 STUDENTIDNO_PK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK SEMTAKEN 9 rows selected. Student system This includes the table name in case there is possibility for confusion.

22. SQL> ALTER TABLE course00 2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT coursecd_pk 3 CASCADE; Student system SQL> INSERT INTO stucourse00 2 VALUES ('2222','MAR55','S2000','C+'); SQL> SELECT * FROM course00; COURS COURSENAME CREDITS ----- ------------------------------ --------- CIS11 Intro to Computer Info Systems 3 CIS44 Internet User/Developer 3 CIS50 Oracle and SQL 3 CIS56 Visual Basic 3 MAN11 Intro to Management 3 MAR11 Marketing Principles 3 CIS40 Lotus Notes 3 SQL> ALTER TABLE course00 2 ENABLE CONSTRAINT coursecd_pk; Table altered. The disable clause turns of the coursecd_pk constraint and the cascade takes care of foreign keys that link to it. I am now enabling the coursecd_pk on course00.

23. Student system SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ENABLE CONSTRAINT coursecd_fk; ALTER TABLE stucourse00 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02298: cannot enable (SCOTT.COURSECD_FK) - parent keys not found When I try to enable the foreign key associated with coursecd on the stucourse00 table, I am refused because of the MAR55 record I added. SQL> INSERT INTO course00 2 VALUES('MAR55','MARKETING',3); 1 row created. SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ENABLE CONSTRAINT coursecd_fk; Table altered. I inserted the MAR55 course into course00 and re-executed the enable, it worked because the parent was now found. SQL> SELECT * FROM course00 WHERE coursecd = 'MAR55'; COURS COURSENAME CREDITS ----- ------------------------------ --------- MAR55 MARKETING 3 SQL> SELECT * FROM stucourse00 WHERE coursecd = 'MAR55'; STUD COURS SEMTA GR ---- ----- ----- -- 2222 MAR55 S2000 C+ The parent is on course00 and the child is on stucourse00.

24. Student system SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME 2 FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS 3 WHERE TABLE_NAME 4 IN ('STUCOURSE00', 'COURSE00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------- STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK COURSECD COURSE00 COURSECD_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK SEMTAKEN SQL> ALTER TABLE course00 2 DROP PRIMARY KEY 3 CASCADE; SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME 2 FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS 3 WHERE TABLE_NAME 4 IN ('COURSE00', 'STUCOURSE00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------------- STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK SEMTAKEN The primary key for course00 is dropped and the cascade also drops all keys that link to it.

25. SQL> ALTER TABLE course00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT coursecd_pk PRIMARY KEY(coursecd); Table altered. SQL> ALTER TABLE stucourse00 2 ADD CONSTRAINT coursecd_fk FOREIGN KEY(coursecd) REFERENCES course00; Table altered. SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME 2 FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS 3 WHERE TABLE_NAME IN ('COURSE00', 'STUCOURSE00'); TABLE_NAME CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------- ---- STUCOURSE00 COURSECD_FK COURSECD COURSE00 COURSECD_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 STUDENTIDNO_FK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK STUDENTIDNO STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK COURSECD STUCOURSE00 THEKEY_PK SEMTAKEN Student system The primary key and foreign key that I dropped have now been put back.