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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert.

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Presentation on theme: "LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert."— Presentation transcript:

1 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick Food Obtaining Behaviors Chapter 51

2 Energy Transfer and Transformation Fundamental characteristic of living organisms Living organisms transform energy from one form to another –Energy flows through an ecosystem entering as light and exiting as heat © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Figure 1.6a Chemical energy (a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers to consumers Sunlight Producers absorb light energy and transform it into chemical energy. Chemical energy in food is transferred from plants to consumers.

4 Figure 1.6b Heat (b) Using energy to do work When energy is used to do work, some energy is converted to thermal energy, which is lost as heat. An animal’s muscle cells convert chemical energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do work such as growing new leaves.

5 Bioenergetics Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal –Determines how much food an animal needs –Relates to an animal’s size and environment – Determines behavior and activities © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Figure 40.17

7 Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time –Determined by Heat loss Oxygen consumed/carbon dioxide produced Metabolic Rate © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8 Size and Metabolic Rate Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals –Higher oxygen delivery rate –Breathing rate –Heart rate –Greater (relative) blood volume © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 Figure 40.19a

10 Figure 40.19b

11 Energy Conservation Torpor –Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases Hibernation –Long-term torpor –Adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity Estivation –Summer torpor –Adaptation to high temperatures & low water © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

12 Foraging Behavior Recognize, search for, capturing, and eating food –Minimize costs/maximize benefits –Natural selection refines behaviors that enhance the efficiency of feeding The Waggle Dance of the Honey Bee © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13 Figure 51.13 Low population density High population density D. melanogaster lineages Mean path length (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R1R2R3K1K2K3

14 Average number of drops Total flight height Drop height preferred by crows  5.23 m Drop height (m) Average number of drops Total flight height (number of drops  drop height in m) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 235715 25 50 75 100 125 Figure 51.14


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