1. Types of joints movements: Flexion: Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee). Flexion: Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee). Extension: Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee). Extension: Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee). Hyperextension: Excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position). Hyperextension: Excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position).

2. Joint Movement (cont) Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin (bending the foot upward). Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin (bending the foot upward). Plantar flexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot downward). Plantar flexion: Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot downward). Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with he side of the body). Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with he side of the body). Adduction: Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body). Adduction: Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).

3. Joint Movement (cont) Rotation: Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side). Medial rotation involves movement toward the midline, whereas lateral rotation involves movement in the opposite direction. Rotation: Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side). Medial rotation involves movement toward the midline, whereas lateral rotation involves movement in the opposite direction. Circumduction: Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand). Circumduction: Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand). Supination: Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position). Supination: Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position). Pronation: Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position). Pronation: Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position).

4. Joint Movement (cont) Eversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally. Eversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally. Inversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces medially. Inversion: Turning the foot so the sole faces medially. Protraction: Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward). Protraction: Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward). Retraction: Moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward). Retraction: Moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward). Elevation: Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders). Elevation: Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders). Depression: Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders). Depression: Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders).

5. Major joints of the body Joint Type of joint Type of movement ShoulderBall-and-socket Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction ElbowHinge Flexion, extension Proximal radioulnar PivotRotation WristCondyloid Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

6. Cont Carpometacar pal 1 Saddle Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction Carpometacar pal 2-5 Condyloid - Do - Metacarpophal angeal Condyloid - Do -

7. InterphalangealHinge Flexion, extension HipBall-and-socket Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction Tibiofemoral (knee) modified hinge Flexion, extension, slight rotation when flexed

8. AnkleHinge Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, slight circumduction Metatarsophalang eal Condyloid Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

9. Definitions of joints: Proximal radioulnar: The joint near the radius and ulnar bones. Carpometacarpal 1: The joint between the wrist bone and the first palm bone. Carpometacarpal 2-5: The joint between the wrist bone and the 2nd through the 5th palm bone. Metacarpophalangeal: The joints between the palm bones of the hand and the finger and toe bones. Interphalangeal: The joints between the bones of the fingers and toes. Tibiofemoral: The joint in the knee between the tibial and the femoral bones. Metatarsophalangeal: The joint in between the palm of the foot and the toes.