1. Respiratory system

2. Why do animals need a respiratory system??

3. We need to get oxygen to each and every cell in the body! We need to get carbon dioxide carried away from the cells and away from the body!

4. Why do we need to transport these gases? What is oxygen used for? Why is carbon dioxide produced? Why is it a ‘waste’ material?

5. Remember that oxygen is needed for ‘cellular respiration’. In the cell’s mitochondria, glucose is broken down to provide our energy needs. carbon dioxide is the waste gas produced.

6. cellular respiration glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

7. Let’s look at the anatomy!

11. What goes on in the head region??? What are the advantages of sending the air through the nasal passages?

13. Be prepared to list the functions of sending the inhaled air through the nasal passages:

14. The air is filtered! The air is moistened! The air is warmed! We get a chance to smell (olfaction)

16. Mouth region:

21. Vocal chords:

23. swallowing:

25. Trachea and bronchi:

27. Can you describe some structural features of these passageways that allow them to be very effective?

28. Alveoli:

32. Can you describe some structural features of the alveoli that allow them to be very effective?

33. Control of breathing:

34. How often do we breathe? What affects our breathing rate? Where is the control centre? What parameters are monitored in the body to set the rate of breathing?

35. Control centre is in brainstem The structure is called the medulla oblongata The brain continuously monitors blood levels for Co 2, O 2 and pH and adjusts breathing accordingly

37. Mechanics of breathing:

38. What anatomical structures are involved in the process of breathing?

39. passageways alveoli diaphragm rib muscles

41. Mechanics of breathing control centre is in brainstem inspiratory signal triggers diaphragm and rib muscles to contract diaphragm flattens and ribs lift up and out this increases volume of chest (thoracic) cavity as a result the pressure in chest cavity drops as a result air rushes in (inhalation) in restful breathing exhalation is passive (recoil of muscles).

42. Lung volumes and capacities:

44. Lung volumes/capacities Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume ----------------------------------------- The above add up to the vital capacity

45. Lung disease:

46. Can you name some diseases involving the lungs?

47. Bronchitis Emphysema Pneumonia Lung cancer Tuberculosis Asthma Influenza Others?

55. Summary points know the anatomy! nasal passages: air is warmed, filtered and humidified (olfaction as well) role of epiglottis role of larynx/voice box adaptations of trachea and bronchiole passages: cartilage rings, mucous, cilia, smooth muscle adaptations of alveoli: thin, great surface area, rich blood supply,