1. Media effects How do the media influence us?

2. Effects studies Early effects scholars “Powerful effects” theory Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion Harold Lasswell, WWII propaganda “Bullet” or “hypodermic needle” theory Assumes that people are passive, uncritical

3. Minimalist effects theory Paul Lazarsfeld, 1948 “Two-step flow” model Status conferral Agenda setting Narcotizing dysfunction Media lull people into passivity

4. Cumulative effects theory Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann cumulative effects theory’spiral of silence model dominant view can snowball through the media dominant view not sufficiently challenged people fear rejection

5. Uses and gratifications studies challenges to audience passivity reevaluation of scholarly assumptions “gratifications”--why people use media: “surveillance” function--scan environment for danger “socialization” function--helps us maintain social relationships “parasocial” relationships--artificial

6. Gratifications, con’t diversion function stimulation relaxation release

7. Consistency theory individual selectivity selective exposure –we choose our media selective perception –Walter Lippmann: “We do not see first and then define; we define first and then see.” selective retention and recall –1938 War of the Worlds broadcast

8. Socialization Media’s initiating role –by age 18, US children have watched 18,000-20,000 hours of TV –children learn prosocial behavior Role models--big influence Stereotyping--forms images in our mind Erosion of boundaries that separate generations--children’s exposure

9. Media-depictions of violence learning about violence observational learning media violence-- –a catharsis? –prods socially positive action? –teaches us the world is a scary place

10. Media violence as negative Aggressive stimulation theory –Albert Bandura’s studies in 1960s –Zamora case –Bundy case –Deer Hunter cases Catalytic theory-Schramm, Lyle, Parker –for some children under some conditions

11. George Gerbner’s “Mean World Syndrome” Societally debilitating effects of violence –media world is more dangerous real world –desensitizing theory--more violence is necessary to make an impact –Gerbner Index since 1970s –30,000 murders, 40,000 attempted murders seen on TV by age 18 –give up freedom for personal safety

12. Media agenda-setting creates awareness establishes priorities perpetuates issues not “what to think,” but “what to think about”

13. Media induced anxiety and apathy information “overload” or “pollution” New York Times--12 million words! More info in one day than in a 17th century person’s lifetime! media induce passivity--”couch potato” we neglect sports, neighborhood & community activities “well informed futility”