1. Some results of qualitative research from Madagascar Jean Fidele Bart Jhon

2. Distribution of Interviewed households Vakinankaratra 215 households from 11 villages Fianarantsoa II 122 households from 6 villages

3. Methodology 20 households were interviewed for the 2 regions 2 households of different situation in the same village Survey 1 : 1997 (FOFIFA-IFPRI) Survey 2 : 2002 (FOFIFA-BASIS) “POOR” has an income less than 0.25$/day

4. Results: Poor improve to be Non-Poor - Having an initial inheritance : land area - Multipurpose agricultural activities: - Combination of : rice + maize + fruits +dairy +pig +sugar cane alcohol - Combination of agricultural and non- agricultural activities: - Crop + livestock + mason +restaurant

5. Results: From Poor to Non-Poor So they have 2 types of incomes by selling products and services: -daily income : dairy, vegetables from off- season production, wages -annual income : rice, maize,

6. Results: from Non-Poor getting Poorer Initial situation is declining then there is an accident or shock (illness, death, climatic catastrophes, e.g. hail…) No staple food self-sufficiency Very few agricultural products marketed Little revenue from wages Example: case of a lady who is a teacher in primary school

7. Why child education is a priority for most of households Education is one of the best way that these children will have a better income from some non –agricultural activities, then they will escape from the poverty trap.