1. To Kill a Mockingbird
Chapters 16-20

2. Explaining Upcoming Events
Chapter 16
Explaining Upcoming Events

3. An Explanation
Atticus explains why Mr. Cunningham and the men from Old Sarum were there
He explains that Scout made Mr. Cunningham step into Tom’s skin for a minute by reminding him of his entailment
He got justice under the law
Tom deserves the same opportunity

4. Pre-Trial The jury is selected for the trial (12 white men)
Women were not allowed to serve on the jury
Negroes were not allowed to serve on the jury
Will Tom really be tried by a jury of his peers?

5. Dolphus Raymond We learn about Dolphus Raymond
He is a white man who lives with a Negro woman in the Negro community
He has mixed children
He is supposedly a drunkard
He has whiskey in a coca-cola bottle
Why can Dolphus Raymond break the rigid rules of Maycomb’s caste structure?

6. In the Balcony The kids decide to go see the trial
(even though Atticus told them not to go)
They sit in the balcony with Reverend Sykes and the Negro community
What does this show us about the children?

7. The Trial Heck Tate’s Testimony Bob Ewell’s Testimony
Chapter 17
The Trial
Heck Tate’s Testimony
Bob Ewell’s Testimony

8. The Trial Begins Mr. Gilmer Atticus Finch
Prosecuting attorney
Atticus Finch
Defense attorney
In a rape case, the burden of proof lies with the prosecution

9. First Witness for the Prosecution
Heck Tate
Maycomb County Sheriff
Sheriff Tate stated that the alleged rape took place on November 21 of the previous year
He said that Bob Ewell came to him and said that Tom Robinson had raped his daughter Mayella

10. Investigative Evidence
In his investigation, Sheriff Tate stated that Mayella had been badly beaten
Her right eye was black
She had choke marks all around her neck (both sides)

11. Cross-Examination
Under cross-examination by Atticus, Sheriff Tate revealed he never called the doctor because he could see she had been badly beaten.
Therefore, Atticus has shown that without the medical evidence to substantiate the case
There is now doubt that the rape even took place
Does the fact that Mayella was severely beaten mean she was raped?

12. Second Witness for the Prosecution
Robert E. Lee (Bob) Ewell
Bob stated that he agreed with everything Heck Tate said
Bob claimed he saw Tom “ruttin’ on my Mayeller.”
He never asked for a doctor to be called

13. Cross-Examination
Under cross-examination by Atticus he is made to be buffoonish
Atticus reveals that Bob is left handed, and that he can read and write

14. Mayella Ewell’s Testimony
Chapter 18
Mayella Ewell’s Testimony

15. Third Witness for the Prosecution
Mayella Violet Ewell
Mayella is 19 years old (makes this non-statutory)
She said that she asked Tom to come into the yard to bust up an old chiffarobe (dresser) and he attacked her.
She said Bob came into the house and asked her “who done it?”

16. Cross-Examination
Under cross-examination by Atticus she is unsure of her answers
She contradicts herself several times; she contradicts her father’s testimony
She cannot look at Tom
She believes Atticus is trying to trick her or humiliate her

17. Cross-Examination
Atticus has Tom stand during her testimony to bring out the fact he has a crippled arm.
It was caught in a cotton gin when he was young and now hangs useless at his side.
Atticus tries to get Mayella to admit that Bob beat her up and that no rape took place
Mayella has an outburst on the stand and cries
(sympathy vote)

18. Tom Robinson’s Testimony
Chapter 19
Tom Robinson’s Testimony

19. Witness for the Defense
Tom Robinson
Tom said that he often stopped at the Ewell place to help Mayella
On the day in question, he went to help get something down from a shelf
He noticed the children were gone.
He stated that she said she had saved a year to give each of them a nickel to go to town to get ice cream

20. Defense’s Case
He implies that Mayella and Bob had an incestuous relationship
He stated that Mayella attacked him and kissed him
Bob Ewell saw them through the window; Tom got scared and ran away

21. Cross-Examination Tom had been arrested once for disorderly conduct.
He served his thirty days and was released.
Mr. Gilmer asks Tom why he helped Mayella
Tom states that he helped her because he felt sorry for her
(this is his crime)

22. Chapter 20
Closing Argument

23. Dolphus Raymond Revisited
Dill becomes so upset over the way Tom is treated by Mr. Gilmer that he has to leave the courtroom.
The kids meet Dolphus Raymond;
they learn he is actually drinking coca-cola
He acts as if he was drunk so that society will leave him alone and let him live with the Negroes
They return to the courtroom

24. Closing Argument Atticus presents his closing argument
(pages )
He states that all the evidence in the case is circumstantial
This case should never have come to trial

25. A Final Plea The prosecution has not proved their case
He calls on their integrity and ethics to do the right thing