1. Chapter 4 Efficient Securities Markets

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3. Outlines Efficient Securities Markets Implications of Efficient Securities Markets for Financial Reporting The Informativeness of Price A Capital Asset Pricing Model Information Asymmetry An Example of Full Disclosure

4. Chapter 4 Efficient Securities Markets

5. 4.2 Efficient Securities Markets The Meaning of Efficiency –An efficient securities market is one where the prices of securities traded on that market at all times “properly reflect” all information that is publicly known about those securities.

6. Efficient Securities Markets, cont’d Definition (Semi-strong form) –At all times… –Fully reflect... –All publicly available information… –A relative concept Efficiency defined relative to a stock of publicly available information

7. Efficient Securities Markets, cont’d Market prices are efficient with respect to publicly known information The market efficiency is a relative concept The investing is fair game if the market is efficient Given market efficiency, a security’s market price should fluctuate randomly over time –The reason why price fluctuations are random is that anything about firm that can be expected –The only reason that prices will change is if some relevant but unexpected information comes along

8. Forecasting outcomes of football games 196619671968 Total forecasters (including consensus) Total forecasts made per forecaster Rank of consensus Median rank of forecasters Rank of best forecasters: J.Carmichael(1966) D.Nightingale(1966) A.Biondo(1967) H.Duck(1968) 15 180 1(tie) 8 1(tie) 7 8 15 220 2 8 11 1 10 16 219 2 8.5 16 5 6 1 How do market prices fully reflect all available information?

9. Market Response to Earnings Ballard Power Systems Inc. –4th Quarter loss doubles compared with same quarter of previous year –R & D spending up –revenue doubles Is rise in share price to $189 “ efficient? ”

10. Question Two firms, of the same size and risk, release their annual reports on the same day. It turns out that they each report the same amount of net income. Follow the release, the share price of one firm rose strongly while the other rose hardly at all. Why?

11. Question, cont’d The differing market response could be explained by a difference in the market’s expectations of earnings. Another reason could be a difference in the quality of earnings. The firms may have used different accounting policies. Finally, the informativeness of price could have differed between the two firms.

12. 4.3 Accounting Implications of Securities Market Efficiency W. Beaver, “What Should Be the FASB’s Objectives,” Journal of Accountancy (1973) –Full disclosure, incl. acc. policies –Accounting policies do not matter (unless cash flow effects) –“Naïve” investors price-protected –Accountants in competition with other information providers

13. 4.4 The Informativeness of Price A Logical Inconsistency –Fully Informative Share Prices If prices fully reflect available information, there is no motivation for investors to acquire information; hence, prices will not fully reflect available information. No role for accounting information –Partly Informative Share Prices Concept of noise traders Expected value of noise = 0 Market efficient in expected value sense Role for accounting information

14. The Informativeness of Share Price I Fully informative share prices –No one would bother to gather information, since can’t beat the market –If no one gathers information, share prices will not reflect all publicly available information –Hence the logical inconsistency

15. The Informativeness of Share Price II A way out of the logical inconsistency –Noise trading Expected value of noise = 0 Share prices still efficient, but in an expected value sense

16. The Informativeness of Share Price III Partially informative share prices –Share prices not fully informative since market price may be “wrong” in presence of noise –Share prices now only partially reflect publicly available information—they also reflect noise –Investors now have incentive to gather information

17. 4.5 A Capital Asset Pricing Model CAPM –E(R jt ) = R f (1 - β j ) + β j E(R Mt ) (4.2) –How does accounting information affect share price? See Eq ’ n (4.2) in text: (4.2)

18. How Does Accounting Information Affect Share Price? In Equation (4.2), accounting information affects the numerator E(P jt + D jt ) E(R jt ) does not change, since only firm specific component in CAPM is beta Thus P j,t-1 (i.e., current share price) must change in the denominator of Equation 4.2 to keep (E jt ) unchanged

19. CAPM, Cont’d It bring out clearly how share price depend on investor ’ s expectations of future share price and dividends –If these expectations change (the numerator of Equation 4.1), current price P j,t-1 (the denominator) will immediately change to reflect these new expectations (4.1)

20. CAPM, Cont’d It provides us with a way of separating the realized return on a share into expected and unexpected components –Market model –R jt = σ j + β j RM t + ε jt “ R jt ” is the realized return “ σ j + β j RM t ” is the beginning of period expected return “ ε jt ” is the unexpected or abnormal return

21. CAPM, Cont’d It provides a convenient way to estimate a stock ’ s beta –By obtaining past data on R jt and R Mt, the coefficients of the regression model can be estimated by least-squares regression

22. 4.6 Information Asymmetry The fundamental value of a share –The value of a firm’s share on an efficient market if all information about the firm is publicly available (i.e., no inside information) Inside information –Information about the firm that is not publicly available

23. 4.6 Information Asymmetry (continued) The adverse selection problem Insiders may exploit their information advantage to earn profits at the expense of outside investors Inside information a source of estimation risk for investors

24. 4.6 Information Asymmetry (continued) Investor reaction to estimation risk –The lemons problem (Akerlof (1970)) Would you buy a used car from someone you do not know? –Would you buy a share in the presence of inside information? No, withdraw from market, market collapses (e.g., post-Enron) Yes, but pay less, to protect against estimation risk Note: estimation risk cannot be diversified away. Why?

25. 4.6 Information Asymmetry (continued) Effect of estimation risk on share prices –Efficient market price includes a “discount” for estimation risk i.e., investors demand a higher return –CAPM overstates cost of capital, since ignores estimation risk

26. 4.6 Information Asymmetry (continued) Controlling estimation risk –Insider trading laws –Financial reporting Role of financial reporting is to convert inside information into outside, thereby reducing estimation risk Cannot eliminate all inside information. Why? Markets that “work well” –Low estimation risk, share prices as close to fundamental value as is cost effective

27. A Graphical Illustration of Estimation Risk

28. 4.7 Social Significance of Markets that Work Well In a capitalist economy, allocation of scarce capital to competing demands is accomplished by market prices –Firms with productive capital projects should be rewarded with high share prices (low cost of capital) and vice versa Capital allocation is most efficient if share prices reflect fundamental value –Society is better off the closer are share prices to fundamental value (i.e., if markets work well)

29. 4.7 Social Significance of Markets that Work Well (continued) Social role of financial reporting –To help markets work well Maximize amount of publicly available information Subject to a cost-benefit constraint Requires securities market efficiency

30. 4.8 An Example of Full Disclosure Management Discussion and Analysis –Forward-looking orientation –Concept of information system is implicit Forward orientation and risk information increase main diagonal probabilities –More relevant than historical cost-based financial statements. Less reliable? –Reasonably consistent with decision theory

31. The End Thank you