1. Nuclear Fission 6B Cheng Pui Ling (7) Tsang Wai Man(23)

2. An unstable nucleus may split up into a few large pieces. This is called nuclear fission.

3. Opposing Force Electrical repulsion among the protons tends to split the nucleus apart. Surface tension keeps a nucleus together Electrical repulsion Surface tension

4. Fission Process What should we use to hit U-239 to break apart? Electrons : don’t interact strongly with nucleus Protons : electrically repelled & cannot approach the U-235 nucleus Neutron : not electrically repelled & interact strongly with the nucleus.

5. Fission Process –step 1 Neutron is captured by U-235 & forms a compound nucleus of U- 236

6. Fission Process – step 2 Compound nucleus is not stable, so it splits up, usually into 2 pieces.

7. Fission Process – step 3 To eject some neutrons

8. Fission Process – step 4 No. of n is still too large & thus it is necessary to emit a series of B decays.

9. The importance of nuclear fission large amount of energy released although one neutron is needed to a a a start the reaction, there are more a a neutrons at the end.

10. Chain Reaction Controlling a nuclear chain reaction depends on controlling the no. of neutrons available.

11. 3 factors have to be considered: Escape Absorption Moderation

12. Escape there must be enough U-235, both in concentration & in terms of total amount. It the amount of U-235 is too small, the neutrons will escape from the reacting volume. They will be lost & cannot keep a chain reaction going.

13. Absorption Neutrons may be absorbed by other nuclei present without causing fission. Then they will be lost.

14. Moderation Only slow neutrons have a high probability of being captured by U-235 & start fission. Otherwise, the neutrons emitted during fission are fast neutrons. So they must be slowed down, or moderated. ( water works very will as a moderator )

15. Fission Reactors Make use of energy released in fission to generate electricity. Natural uranium contains only 0.7% U-235 The rest is U-238

16. So natural uranium is first treated to increase the U-235 concentration to 3% The uranium is then made in uranium dioxide ( U 2 O ) in the form of small pellets which are assembled in the form of rods & encased in zirconium alloy tubes.

18. There are 3 safety barriers to prevent the escape of radioactive material into the environment.

19. The fuel is encased in the zirconium tubes which can withstand very high temperatures & pressures. -They seal the fission material released from the fuel & prevent it from escaping into the water in the primary circuit.

20. The reactor vessel has an alloy steel wall of about 20cm thickness. The steel piping of the primary circuit is about 7cm thick. The whole primary circuit is placed inside a containment building founded on a layer of bedrock.

21. Social considerations harmful radiation radioactive wastes produced in fission reactions