2. HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption

6. A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?

7. Chrysler PULSE Smart Car Hybrid Vehicle

8. Chlorine Destroys Ozone but is not consumed in the process

10. Crutzen Molina Rowland

11. Paul Crutzen Holland (The Netherlands) Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany 1933 -

12. Mario Molina USA (Mexico) Earth/Atmospheric/Planetary Sciences and Chemistry MIT 1943 -

13. Sherwood Rowland USA Chemistry University of California at Irvine 1927 -

14. Three States of Matter …. it is possible to explain nearly all of the bulk properties of gases, liquids, and solids …. it is possible to explain the colligative properties of solutions. By assuming the existence of attractive and repulsive forces... By assuming the existence of thermal energy...

15. Ideal (Perfect) Gases Obey Boyle’s Law for which PV = k

16. HOWEVER, if you… –Increase P –Increase n in a given V –Lower the K.E. (T) THEN gas particles can COALESE BUT before condensation occurs, PV=nRT deviates from ideal behavior

17. Real (van der Waals) gases deviate from ideal behavior Gases at 25°C N 2 at different T PV = nRT (P + n 2 a/V 2 )(V - nb) = n RT PV = nRT

18. Critical Properties of CO 2

19. Critical Conditions Condensable Gases T c P c –NH 3 132112 –Cl 2 144 76 –H 2 O374218 Permanent Gases T c P c –O 2 -118 50 –N 2 -147 33.5 –H 2 -239 12.8 –He-267 2.3

20. SIGNIFICANCE OF T C

21. EVALUATE THERMAL vs POTENTIAL ENERGY Thermal energy Potential Energy

22. CHEMICAL BONDS Ionic and Covalent Bonds (10 2 ) Salt (NaCl) and water (H 2 O) H-bonding Forces (10 0 ) Liquids and solutions Van der Waals Forces (10 -2 ) Instantaneous and permanent dipolar forces

23. The Liquid State Gases –Study is simplified by the facts that atoms and molecules are… far apart. randomly arranged. weakly interacting. Solids –Study is simplified by the facts that atoms and molecules are… close together. regularly arranged. strongly interacting.

24. The Liquid State Gaseous state model for liquids: –Liquids as dense gases are characterized by... DISORDER fluidity taking the shape of their container low density Solid state model for liquids: –Liquids as disordered solids characterized by…. ORDER strong inter- atomic/molecular interactions definite volumes high density

25. The Liquid State

26. Trajectories for Atoms at Lattice Points in Solids

27. The Liquid State

28. Phase Diagram for CO 2

30. Phase Diagram for H 2 O

31. The Liquid State Vapor pressure Surface tension Viscosity Adhesive/cohesive forces Capillary action Density Compressibility Diffusion Evaporation

32. Density of Ice and Water

33. Compressibility

34. Surface Tension

35. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

36. Vapor Pressure Curves

37. Trouton’s Rule An interesting and useful “approximation: Says that the ratio of the heat of vaporization and the boiling point is (roughly) constant  H vap /T b.p. ~ 88 J/mol Boiling point of cyclohexane is 69°C. Therefore,  H vap = (69 + 273)(88) ~ 30 kJ/mol which is within 2-3% of the experimental value Works well for unassociated liquids and gives useful information about degree of association.

38. Trouton’s Rule Unassociated (ideal) liquids,  H vap /T b.p. ~ 88 J/mol carbon tetrachloride benzene cyclohexane Associated liquids,  H vap /T b.p. > 88 J/mol water (110) methanol (112) ammonia (97) Association in the vapor state,  H vap /T b.p. < 88 J/mol acetic acid (62) hydrogen fluoride (26)