1. Lewis Triple Response Described by sir Thomas Lewis in 1924.
Lewis triple response is the characteristic 3 part response that develops when a line is made by a pointed object (a key) on the skin. It is produced due to the release of histamine from the mast cells.

3. Trauma may release an antigen that interacts with the membrane-bound immunoglobulin E of mast cells, which release inflammatory mediators, particularly histamine, into the tissues. This causes small blood vessels to leak, allowing fluid to accumulate in the skin.

4. Inflammatory Response

5. Components of the Triple Response
1.Red reaction: red line (transient local vasodilation due to histamine), appears in few seconds.
2.Wheal: localized edema in the region of the redline (increased capillary permeability and exudation of fluid from capillaries and venules due to histamine release), appears in 1 min.
3.Flare: spreading redness extending beyond the red line (due to axon reflex), appears slowly.

6. - Three cell types smooth muscle in the microcirculation
endothelium: capillary or venule
sensory nerve endings

7. Receptor types Type Location Function H1 Smooth m., endothelium, CNS
Bronchoconstriction, Contraction of GIT, Vasodilatation
Increased capillary permeability leading to edema
Pain and itch H2
Parietal cells, vascular smooth m.
Vasodilatation, gastric acid secretion H3
CNS
Modulate the release of other neurotransmitters H4
Basophils, BM, Thymus, spleen
Chemotaxis

8. Subgroups of Histamine Receptor Blockers

10. What will occur with Antihistamine OR Local Anesthetics?