1. Half Life

2. Half-life is the time it takes for half of the atoms of a sample to decay. For example: A student was testing a sample of 8 grams of radioactive protactinium. Protactinium has a a half life of 1 minute and decays into actinium. After 1 minute there would be 4 g of protactinium (and 4 g of actinium). After 2 minutes there would be 2 g of protactinium remaining (and now 6g of actinium). After 3 minutes there would be 1 g of protactinium remaining (and now 7g of actinium) Half Life

3. Dating materials using half-lives Question: Uranium decays into lead. The half life of uranium is 4,000,000 years. A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium. Calculate the age of the sample. 8 8 Answer: The sample was originally completely uranium… …of the sample was uranium 4 8 2 8 1 8 Now only 4/8 of the uranium remains – the other 4/8 is lead Now only 2/8 of uranium remains – the other 6/8 is lead Now only 1/8 of uranium remains – the other 7/8 is lead So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 1/8 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead). Each half life is 4,000,000 years so the sample is 12,000,000 years old. 1 half life later…

4. Potassium decays into argon. The half life of potassium is 1.3 billion years. A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium. How old is the rock? The rock must be 2 half lives old – 2.6 billion years

5. Radioactive substances emit radiation from the nuclei of their atoms all the time. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is Either the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve or the time it takes for the count rate from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its initial level.

6. Types of Radiation

7. What is radioactive decay?

8. How do materials affect radiation?

9. How do magnetic fields effect radiation?

10. Description What is alpha (α) radiation? Electric charge +2 Relative atomic mass 4 Penetrating power Stopped by paper or a few centimetres of air Ionizing effect Strongly ionizing Effect of magnetic/ electric field Weakly deflected 2 neutrons, 2 protons Note:– An alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus

11. What is beta (β) radiation? Description Electric charge Relative atomic mass Penetrating power Ionizing effect Effect of magnetic/ electric field 1/1860 Stopped by a few millimetres of aluminium Weakly ionizing Strongly deflected High energy electron

12. Gamma (  ) radiation Description Electric charge Relative atomic mass Penetrating power Ionizing effect Effect of magnetic/ electric field 0 0 Stopped by several centimetres of lead or several metres of concrete Very weakly ionizing Not deflected High energy electromagnetic radiation

13. Types of radiation and penetrating power

14. Types of radiation and range in air

15. Uses of Radiation

16. Smoke alarms contain a weak source of alpha radiation. How can radiation detect a fire? The alpha particles ionize the air. If there is smoke present, it interacts with the ions produced by the alpha particles and ionization is reduced. This means that less current is flowing through the air, which causes the alarm to sound. α α smoke particle

17. How is radiation used in making paper?

18. How can radiation find leaks in pipes?

19. How can radiation detect cracks? Gamma rays can also be used to detect cracks after an object has been welded. If a gamma source is placed on one side of the welded metal, and a photographic film on the other side, any flaws will show up on the film like an X-ray. Gamma rays are like X-rays. welded metal pipe photographic film welding flaws

20. High Level nuclear waste Microbes can be killed using gamma radiation

21. Increasing dose tumor view through the head skull healthy brain tissue Gamma rays can be used to treat brain tumors

22. Uses of radiation

23. Dangers of ionizing radiations

24. As well as the normal laboratory safety rules you follow, are there any extra rules concerning radioactivity? Radiation safety The three types of radiation differ in their effects and physical nature. All radioactive sources must be handled safely. The hazard symbol for radiation is shown below:

25. Radioactive materials could be very dangerous to handle if no safety precautions were taken. Radiation safety measures use tongs or a robotic arm to handle radioactive materials. keep exposure times as short as possible monitor exposure with a film dose badge label radioactive sources clearly store radioactive sources in shielded containers wear protective clothing The safety precautions are: This is because people and their clothing could become contaminated. Write down on first side of the paper

26. Background radiation is the radiation all around us. Background radiation How many different sources of background radiation can you think of? Most of the radioactivity you are exposed to is from natural sources.

27. Sources of Radiation in Modern Society

28. Calculating background radiation