1. Sept. 2005EE37E Adv. Digital Electronics Lesson 2 Advanced Aspects of Digital Logic

2. Sept. 2005EE37E Adv. Digital Electronics Topics Fundamental Concepts Hazards FSM Design Timing, Clock issues, and Metastability Pipelining and Power Estimation

3. Sept. 2005EE37E Adv. Digital Electronics Fundamental Concepts We can classify digital logic circuits in three groups: –Pure Combinational circuits (i.e. mux, decoder, encoder, etc) –Pure sequential circuits (DFF, JKFF, D-Latch, ripple counter, shift register, etc) –Mixed combinational-sequential circuits also called sequential circuits (up/down counter, universal register, ram, FIFO, etc). On the most important aspect of sequential circuits lies in their mode of operation: –Synchronous (use of a clock) –Asynchronous (self-time operation) –Globally asynchronous Locally synchronous (combination of asynchronous and synchronous techniques)

4. Sept. 2005EE37E Adv. Digital Electronics The synchronous design paradigm A system is said to operate synchronously if all memory operations are triggered on a common grid which is defined by the status of a global signal referred to as clock. A property making synchronous systems easy to design and verify is, that all (local) timing issues are related to a common global clock and delay properties are only subject to one-sided constraints.

5. Sept. 2005EE37E Adv. Digital Electronics Asynchronous design techniques The concept of discrete time steps, which is the root of synchronous paradigm, is given up and has to be substituted by some other data- valid signaling schemes. Proponents of asynchronous design styles claim some major advantages: –Easing of global timing issues and no clock skew problems. – Lower power consumption – Automatic adaptation to properties (temperature, supply etc.) –Modularity of designs –Better technology migration potential. Almost 99% of digital circuits are synchronous. But we believe that this figure will change drastically in the years to come. This lesson and others to come will focus only on synchronous design methods. The GALS architecture is composed of modules that are synchronized to a local clock whereas interactions between those modules are based on an asynchronous protocol. Thus the global clock net is eliminated, which reduces power consumption.