1. Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea

2. Genetic Terminology Character – Trait True-breeding Hybridization – P generation – F 1 generation – F 2 generation

3. Mendel’s Ideas For each trait an organism inherits two alleles If the alleles are different… – Dominant – Recessive

4. Mendel’s Laws Law of Segregation – Alleles for each character separate during gamete formation

5. Mendel’s Laws Law of independent assortment – Pairs of alleles separate individually

6. Rules of Probability Rule of multiplication – Examples 2 coins land heads up Parent is YyRr, gamete will carry Y, R Parents are YyRr, offspring will be YYRR Rule of Addition – Event can occur two or more ways – Example Two ways to produce heterozygote if parents are Pp

7. Rules of Probability PpYyRr x Ppyyrr What is the probability of offspring having recessive phenotype for at least two of the three traits – ppyyRr – ppYyrr – Ppyyrr – PPyyrr – ppyyrr

8. Types of inhertiance Incomplete dominance – Snapdragons Co-dominance – M,N,MN blood groups Multiple alleles – ABO blood groups Surface carbohydrate Alleles

9. ABO Blood Groups

10. Types of Inheritance Pleiotropy – Sickle Cell Anemia Epistasis – Coat color in mice Polygenic traits – Eye color – Skin color

11. Pedigrees

12. Genetic Disorders Recessive – Tay Sachs – Cystic Fibrosis – Sickle Cell Anemia – Phenylketonuria (PKU) Dominant – Achondroplasia – Huntington’s Multifactorial – Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorder

13. Chapter 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

14. Thomas Morgan’s Experiment White type restricted to males – Sex-linked Recessive- – Father to son – Linked genes Passed as unit Same chromosome

15. Sex-Linked Disorders Duchenne’s – Loss of muscle strength and coordination Hemophilia – Failure of blood to clot Red-green colorblindness – Primarily males

16. Chromosomal Complications Non-disjunction – Aneuploidy Trisomy – Down’s Syndrome – Patau Syndrome – Edward’s Syndrome – Klinefelter’s Syndrome Turner’s Syndrome

17. Chromosomal Complications Deletion – Cri-du-chat Translocation – Chronic myelogenous leukemia Inversions Duplications

18. Chi Square Analysis Used to determine if there are deviations for the phenotypic ratio of the F 2 generation within the limits expected by chance – Null hypothesis – Formula X 2 = ∑ (o – e) 2 e

19. Chi Square Analysis Degrees of freedom Chi square – Critical value Reject hypothesis Probability1234 0.053.845.997.829.49 0.016.649.2111.3013.20 0.00110.813.816.318.5