1. VOR Very hight frequency Omni Range equipment Disusun oleh : Ahmad Hakim

2. VOR (very hight frequency omni range equipment)  dapat berfungsi sebagai penunjuk rute/arah. Ground station oriented to magnetic north, transmitting directional information to aircraft Benefits  More accurate, precise flying  Reliable  Not susceptible to interference  Voice Capable Errors/Negatives  Costly to maintain  Line-of-sight

3. VOR Capabilities VHF – 108.0-117.95mhz  Line of sight 1 LOP at a time  2 receivers give 2 LOPs (fix)  VOR + DME = LOP & Arc (fix) Not sensitive to aircraft heading Fly to or from a VOR or intercept a radial  Radial – courses oriented FROM the station

4. VOR Types High  1,000 – 14,500; 40NM  14,500 – 18,000; 100NM  18,000 – 45,000; 130NM  45,000 – 60,000; 100NM Low  1,000 – 18,000; 40NM Terminal  1,000 – 12,000; 25NM * All altitudes AGL

6. The Principle of the VOR VOR receiver gives 1 LOP called a Radial

7. Parts of a VOR system Receiver Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) To/From ind. Omni Bearing Selector CDI – needle that moves across the face of the instrument to indicate aircraft position. Each dot is 2 degrees. OBS – allows pilot to select desired course/radial to fly - must align with DG, otherwise reverse sensing Ambiguity Indicator – indicates if selected course will take aircraft to or from the station - station passage - cone of confusion

8. VHF Omnirange

10. Flying the VOR Initial Tracking  Tune, Identify, Twist  Turn OBS to center needle and figure out position (use FROM)  Note heading on top of card If flying FROM station (radial), then turn to that heading If flying TO station, put reciprocal heading on top and center, then turn to that heading

11. Wind Correction  Further away, more correction is needed to get back on track  At 60NM from station, 1° = 1NM  Generally, when within 20NM, 20-30° in direction of needle works  Once needle centers, turn back towards original heading, but add wind correction of 5° Station Passage  CDI will become very sensitive, and then begin to oscillate  Flag will switch from TO/OFF/FROM Switching Radials  During station passage, turn OBS to new course to fly Intercepting  If needle is alive, then turn towards it as if you were tracking it  If full deflection, first center needle to find what radial you are on  Twist OBS back to desired course  Parallel that course  Turn 30-60 in direction of needle, depending on distance from station  Once needle is alive, turn back in direction of desired course  Follow tracking procedures