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4. Elemental Boron Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds Boron Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medi um=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Chemically uncombined boron, which is classified as a metalloid, is not found naturally on Earth. Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry. Natural boron is composed of two stable isotopes, one of which (boron-10) has a number of uses as a neutron-capturing agent. Elemental boron is rare and poorly studied because the material is extremely difficult to prepare. Chemically, boron behaves more similarly to silicon than to aluminium. Elemental Boron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/elemental-boron-567- 3625?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Boron View on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements > Boron

6. The halides react with water to form boric acid. All three lighter boron trihalides (BF3, BCl3, and BBr3) form stable adducts with common Lewis bases. Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/trihalides-boron-halogen-compounds-568- 7045?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Boron trifluoride View on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements > Boron

7. The sequence for the Lewis acidity is BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3,where BBr3 is the strongest Lewis acid. This trend is commonly attributed to the degree of [Equation 1] -bonding in the planar boron trihalid that would be lost upon pyramidization of the the BX3 molecule. Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/trihalides-boron-halogen-compounds-568- 7045?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Equation 1 View on Boundless.com

8. Boron tribromide (BBr3) is a colorless, fuming liquid that is an excellent demethylating or dealkylating agent. Boron trichloride (BCl3) is a colorless, dangerously reactive gas that is a valuable reagent in organic synthesis. Boron trifluoride (BF3) is a pungent, colorless, corrosive, toxic gas that forms white fumes in moist air. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/trihalides-boron-halogen-compounds-568- 7045?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Nonmetallic Elements > Boron

9. The simplest borate anion, BO33-, has a trigonal planar structure and is analogous to the carbonate anion CO32-, with which it is isoelectronic. Larger borates are composed of trigonal planar BO3 or tetrahedral BO4 structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms and may be cyclic or linear in structure. Boron trioxide is one of the oxides of boron; it is a white, glassy solid with the formula B2O3. Glassy boron oxide is thought to be composed of boroxol rings, which are six-membered rings of alternating 3-coordinate boron and 2-coordinate oxygen. Due to the short bond lengths and strongly covalent character, boron suboxide ( B6O) displays a range of outstanding physical and chemical properties such as great hardness, low mass density, high thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness, and excellent wear resistance. Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/borates-boron-oxygen-compounds-569- 3451?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Tetraborate View on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements > Boron

10. Common reactions with boranes are: electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases, cluster building reactions with borohydrides, and reaction of a nido-borane with an alkyne to give a carborane cluster. The parent member BH3 is called borane, is found only in the gaseous state, and dimerizes to form diborane, B2H6. The most important boranes are diborane B2H6, pentaborane B5H9, and decaborane B10H14. Boranes are all colourless and diamagnetic. They are reactive compounds and some are pyrophoric. Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/alternative-to-chemistry-9th-steven-s-zumdahl-susan-a-zumdahl-1133611095- 9781133611097/nonmetallic-elements-20/boron-146/boranes-boron-hydrogen-compounds-570- 7246?campaign_content=book_2408_section_146&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Borane View on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements > Boron

11. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

12. Key terms borane Any binary compound of boron and hydrogen. borate A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical. Boron A chemical element with chemical symbol B and atomic number 5. diamagnetic A substance exhibiting diamagnetism, and is repelled by a magnet. halide A compound of an element with a halogen. halogenation The reaction of a halogen with another molecule, especially the replacement of a hydrogen atom of an organic compound with a halogen one. isoelectronic Of two compounds, having the same electronic configuration although consisting of different elements or combinations thereof. metalloid A chemical element with properties in between those of nonmetals and metals. pyramidalization The conversion of a molecule's trigonal planar geometry to a tetrahedral one. pyrophoric Spontaneously igniting in air. spallation A type of nuclear fission reaction in which cosmic rays of light cause a nucleus to emit a large number of nucleons (protons and neutrons), leading to the formation of new elements (nucleosynthesis). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

13. Borane Ball-and-stick model of borane, BH3, which is highly reactive. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Borane." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoraneView on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

14. Boron trifluoride Boron (III) trifluoride structure, BF3, showing the "empty" boron p orbital in pi-type coordinate covalent bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Boron." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronView on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

15. Tetraborate Tetraborate (borax) ion structure. Pink: boron; red: oxygen; white: hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Borate." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorateView on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

16. Autoinducer-2 Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is one of the few known biomolecules containing the element Boron. AI-2 is used by many types of bacteria as a signaling molecule mediating quorum sensing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons. "AI-2." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AAI-2.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AAI-2.pngView on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

17. Boron Boron has a black-brown appearance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Boron." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronView on Boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n): A) conductor. B) insulator. C) transistor. D) dopant.

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n): A) conductor. B) insulator. C) transistor. D) dopant.

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state: A) I, or +1 B) II, or +2 C) III, or +3 D) IV, or +4

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state: A) I, or +1 B) II, or +2 C) III, or +3 D) IV, or +4

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following is the correct sequence for the Lewis acidity? A) BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 B) BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 C) BF3 < BBr3< BCl3 D) BCl3 < BBr3

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following is the correct sequence for the Lewis acidity? A) BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 B) BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 C) BF3 < BBr3< BCl3 D) BCl3 < BBr3

24. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following is NOT a use of a trihalide? A) Deacetylation agent B) Demethylating agent C) Dealkylating agent D) Reagent for organic synthesis

25. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following is NOT a use of a trihalide? A) Deacetylation agent B) Demethylating agent C) Dealkylating agent D) Reagent for organic synthesis

26. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration? A) trigonal planar B) tetrahedral C) trigonal pyramidal D) trigonal bipyramidal

27. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration? A) trigonal planar B) tetrahedral C) trigonal pyramidal D) trigonal bipyramidal

28. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following are common borates? A) boron trioxide, boron suboxide and boron monoxide B) boron peroxide, boron suboxide and boron monoxide C) boron trioxide, boron dioxide and boron monoxide D) boron trioxide, boron suboxide and boron octoxide

29. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following are common borates? A) boron trioxide, boron suboxide and boron monoxide B) boron peroxide, boron suboxide and boron monoxide C) boron trioxide, boron dioxide and boron monoxide D) boron trioxide, boron suboxide and boron octoxide

30. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements A borane is a chemical compound that consists of: A) boron and hydrogen. B) boron and oxygen. C) boron and carbon. D) boron and nitrogen.

31. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements A borane is a chemical compound that consists of: A) boron and hydrogen. B) boron and oxygen. C) boron and carbon. D) boron and nitrogen.

32. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements Some common reactions with boranes are: A) electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases B) nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases C) electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, protonation by strong bases D) electrophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution by Lewis acids, deprotonation by strong bases

33. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nonmetallic Elements Some common reactions with boranes are: A) electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases B) nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases C) electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, protonation by strong bases D) electrophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution by Lewis acids, deprotonation by strong bases

34. Attribution Wikipedia. "Boron suboxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_suboxideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_suboxide Wikipedia. "Boron trioxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trioxideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trioxide Wikipedia. "Boron monoxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_monoxideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_monoxide Wikipedia. "Borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate Wiktionary. "isoelectronic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isoelectronicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isoelectronic Wiktionary. "borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borate Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron Wikibooks. "General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 13." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Chemistries_of_Various_Elements/Group_13CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Chemistries_of_Various_Elements/Group_13 Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/metalloidCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/metalloid Wiktionary. "borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borate Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron Wikipedia. "Boron trifluoride." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluorideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride Wikipedia. "Boron trichloride." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trichlorideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trichloride Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron Wikipedia. "Boron tribromide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_tribromideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_tribromide Wiktionary. "halide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halideCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halide Wiktionary. "halogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halogenationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halogenation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements

35. Wikipedia. "Borane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoraneCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane Wiktionary. "pyrophoric." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyrophoricCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyrophoric Wiktionary. "diamagnetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamagneticCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamagnetic Wiktionary. "borane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boraneCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borane Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nonmetallic Elements