1. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Describe what is meant by a buffer solution. State that a buffer solution can be made from a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid. Explain the role of the conjugate acid–base pair in an acid buffer solution.

2. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Making a buffer solution from a weak acid and a salt of the weak acid

3. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Shifting the buffer equilibrium

4. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Calculate the pH of a buffer solution from the K a value of a weak acid and the equilibrium concentrations of the conjugate acid–base pair. Explain the role of the carbonic acid–hydrogencarbonate ion system as a buffer in the control of blood pH.

5. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Carbonic acid–hydrogencarbonate ion equilibrium

6. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Interpret and sketch acid–base titration pH curves for strong and weak acids and bases. Explain the choice of suitable indicators for acid–base titrations.

7. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Titration curve for a strong acid–strong base titration

8. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original pH colour ranges for some common indicators

9. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original pH titration curves for different combinations of acids and bases

10. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Weak acid–weak base titration curve with phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator ranges

11. Week 21 © Pearson Education Ltd 2009 This document may have been altered from the original Define and use the term: enthalpy change of neutralisation. Calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental results.