1. To screen or not to screen ANTENATAL SCREENING Jim Gray Consultant Microbiologist Birmingham Women’s Hospital James.gray@bwnft.nhs.uk

2. Overview Current infection screening arrangements o National Screening Committee Programme o Other How screening might change Future research opportunities

3. To Screen or Not to Screen Antenatal screening Stakeholders National Screening Committee Department of Health Public Health England NICE RCOG

4. NHS Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening Programme Uptake >97% 1,749/688,755 (0.25%) HIV-positive 3,982/690,760 (0.58%) hepatitis B positive 944/678,611 (0.14%) syphilis-positive 44,650/677,479 (6.59%) rubella non-immune

5. Infection screening in pregnancy NSC Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening Programme HIV Hepatitis B Syphilis Rubella immunity NSC endorsed screening Asymptomatic bacteriuria Other screening Chlamydia GBS AMR bacteria

6. NHS Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening Programme (2013) Uptake >97% 1,749/688,755 (0.25%) HIV-positive 3,982/690,760 (0.58%) hepatitis B positive 944/678,611 (0.14%) syphilis-positive 44,650/677,479 (6.59%) rubella non-immune

8. HIV screening AIM To prevent paediatric HIV infection OBJECTIVES To identify all HIV positive women To ensure the rapid referral of all HIV positive women for assessment and management within a multi-disciplinary team

9. Hepatitis B screening AIM To prevent perinatal hepatitis B infection OBJECTIVES To ensure all hep B +ve women are identified To ensure all hep b +ve women are referred for specialist assessment and management within 6 weeks To ensure infants are appropriately vaccinated; 1st dose within 24 h & schedule completed

10. Syphilis screening AIM To prevent congenital syphilis infection OBJECTIVES To identify all women with positive syphilis screening test results early in pregnancy To ensure their rapid assessment by an appropriate specialist, e.g. GUM within a multi- disciplinary environment

11. Rubella screening AIM To reduce the risk of congenital rubella in future pregnancies OBJECTIVES To ensure all women susceptible to rubella infection (<10 IU/ml) are identified To ensure these women are offered postnatal MMR To ensure that the 1 st dose is administered prior to discharge from maternity services, & the GP is contacted regarding the 2 nd dose

12. How accurate is rubella immunity screening? UK NEQAS distribution 3148 MethodRangeMedian5-95% Abbott Architect7-3087-10 Abbott AxSYM8-34129-22 Beckman Access12-181412-17 Biokit Bioelisa7-28148-19 bioMerieux Vidas1-231714-19 DiaSorin7-1198-11 DiaSorin Liaisaon5-1186-11 OCD Vitros9-12109-12 Roche12-230194179-222 Siemans Immunlite12-331312-25 Siemans ADVIA29-433429-41 Siemens EIA9-281210-21 ALL METHODS12

13. How accurate is rubella immunity screening? UK NEQAS distribution 3148 MethodRangeMedian5-95% Abbott Architect7-3087-10 Abbott AxSYM8-34129-22 Beckman Access12-181412-17 Biokit Bioelisa7-28148-19 bioMerieux Vidas1-231714-19 DiaSorin7-1198-11 DiaSorin Liaisaon5-1186-11 OCD Vitros9-12109-12 Roche12-230194179-222 Siemans Immunlite12-331312-25 Siemans ADVIA29-433429-41 Siemens EIA9-281210-21 ALL METHODS12

14. How accurate is rubella immunity screening? UK NEQAS distribution 3148 MethodRangeMedian5-95% Abbott Architect7-3087-10 Abbott AxSYM8-34129-22 Beckman Access12-181412-17 Biokit Bioelisa7-28148-19 bioMerieux Vidas1-231714-19 DiaSorin7-1198-11 DiaSorin Liaisaon5-1186-11 OCD Vitros9-12109-12 Roche12-230194179-222 Siemans Immunlite12-331312-25 Siemans ADVIA29-433429-41 Siemens EIA9-281210-21 ALL METHODS12

15. Rubella screening Screening for rubella susceptibility does not meet the UK NSC criteria for a screening programme. The IDPS programme is currently working collaboratively with the PHE Immunisation team and plan to cease antenatal screening for rubella susceptibility. The present arrangements for antenatal screening and post-partum immunisation will continue until other arrangements are in place.

16. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria External review of screening for ASB in pregnancy for the UKNSC July 2011 Policy should continue but justification changed from prevention of preterm delivery to prevention of pyelonephritis Not clear whether the test should use culture

17. NICE CG62: Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies Women should be offered routine screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria by midstream urine culture early in pregnancy. Identification and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria reduces the risk of pyelonephritis.

18. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Symptomatic UTI in pregnancy is frequently preceded by asymptomatic bacteriuria o Prevalence is around 5% o Untreated, at least 30% of women with ASB will develop acute pyelonephritis Screening for ASB is considered to be a cost effective approach to preventing pyelonephritis

20. A screening programme may prevent 6480 cases of pyelonephritis per year

22. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Many research questions What is the clinical & cost effectivness of screening? How should screening be undertaken? When should screening be undertaken? How should women with ASB be monitored during their pregnancy?

23. Until it is clear that antenatal screening for GBS carriage does more good than harm and that the benefits are cost-effective, the National Screening Committee does not recommend routine screening in the UK. Is this statement not also true of the antenatal ASB screening?

24. ASB screening – where does this leave us? Culture is said to be more accurate than dip testing, but we don’t know whether dip testing is accurate in identifying women at risk of PN We don’t know what the impact of ASB screening is on antibiotic use antenatally o Too much? (because we treat people who don’t need treatment) o Too little? (because without coordinated arrangements to oversee patient management there is no assurance that all women with ASB receive treatment )

25. Other NICE recommendations Chlamydia trachomatis At the booking appointment, healthcare professionals should inform pregnant women younger than 25 years about the high prevalence of chlamydia infection in their age group, and give details of their local National Chlamydia Screening Programme. Chlamydia screening should not be offered as part of routine antenatal care.

26. More NICE recommendations Do not screen for: Bacterial vaginosis CMV Hepatitis C Toxoplasmosis Group B Streptococci (GBS)

27. The Prevention of Early-onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease RCOG Green–top Guideline No. 36 Until it is clear that antenatal screening for GBS carriage does more good than harm and that the benefits are cost-effective, the National Screening Committee does not recommend routine screening in the UK.

28. The Prevention of Early-onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease RCOG Green–top Guideline No. 36 IAP offered to: Women with a previous baby with neonatal GBS disease Women with GBS in current pregnancy Women who are pyrexial in labour should be offered broad-spectrum antibiotics including an antibiotic for prevention of neonatal EOGBS disease

29. The Prevention of Early-onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease RCOG Green–top Guideline No. 36 Role of IAP unclear for: Women with preterm labour (<37 weeks’ gestation) and prelabour rupture of membranes of any duration Women with preterm labour & prolonged rupture of membranes (>18 h)

30. What would be the aim of GBS screening? To prevent neonatal GBS disease by administering intrapartum antibiotic prophylxis (IAP) to mothers during labour To assist in ruling out infection in newborn babies with soft signs of infection

31. What would be the aim of GBS screening? 600,000 deliveries pa 60,000 babies treated with antibiotics 300 babies with GBS early-onset neonatal sepsis 300 babies with non- GBS early onset sepsis 59,400 babies without infection treated with antibiotics

32. ALL PREGNANT WOMEN: RISK FACTORS FOR GBS NO 80% of women NO ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN YES 20% of women INTRAPARTUM ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN Only around 30% of these women will have GBS; 70% (14% of all labouring women) will receive IAP that is of no value A small number of these women will deliver a GBS-infected baby

33. Moderately complex testing with < 1 min hands- on time Results turnaround time 55 minutes Manufacturer claims 99.0% sensitivity and 92.4% specificity Cepheid GeneXpert GBS

34. ALL PREGNANT WOMEN: RISK FACTORS FOR GBS NO 80% of women NO ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN YES 20% of women INTRAPARTUM ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN Only around 30% of these women will have GBS; 70% (14% of all labouring women) will receive IAP that is of no value A small number of these women will deliver a GBS-infected baby GBS1 Universal PCR screening not cost effective GBS2

35. Implementation of modified admission MRSA screening guidance for NHS (2014) Trusts should: o Identify and screen patients in high MRSA risk specialties, e.g. adult/paediatric ICUs, NICUs, HDUs o Identify and re-screen any patient previously known to be MRSA positive

36. Public Health England: Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) Suspected case: a patient who, in the last 12 m, has been an inpatient in a hospital abroad or a UK hospital which has problems with spread of CPE or is a previously +ve case Management: take rectal swab & isolate patient (with en-suite). Apply strict standard precautions until three conseutive negative rectal swabs collected 48 h apart

37. Conclusions The UKNSC Infection Screening Programme is highly effective However, there is a lot of additional antenatal infection screening that is not performed in a systematic and coordinated way If this screening is clinically- and cost-effective why could it not be incorporated into the highly effective management arrangements that already exist for the UKNSC Programme?