2. 1 st Amendment “RAPPS” R – religion A – assembly P – petition P – press S - speech

3. 1 st Amendment - Freedoms Religion: The Free Exercise Clause protects freedom of religion and establishes separation of church and state which means that the government cannot establish a national religion. This is known as the “establishment clause.” Assemble: to peacefully gather; the government decides the time and place; can’t pose a “clear & present danger” – ex: meetings, parades, strikes, protests; Chief Justice Wendell Holmes made this statement popular in the court case, Schenck v. US that argued that you could not interfere with the draft during WWI. Petition: Freely write the gov’t w/o fear of backlash or persecution Email, letter, blog, comment, editorial in paper Press: The press has rights to publish whatever they wish. You can express yourself in print form. Government can’t censor books, tv, newspapers, magazines, internet, radio. Limitations: You can’t print lies (libel).

4. 1 st Amendment - Freedoms Speech: You can speak out against the government. Also covers expression, things not said but done. Ex: internet, art, clothing, music Court Case: Tinker v. DesMoines Limitations: Can’t endanger the gov’t or other Americans Can’t provoke a riot or other violent acts Can’t speak or write with intent to commit a criminal act or to overthrow gov’t by force Can’t disturb the peace of others (loud music) Can’t lie or hurt one’s reputation (slander) A s poken lie is called S LANDER.

5. Initially gave men the right to own and carry arms for purpose of serving in the military. Today: Age requirement License, background check Can’t use to commit crime or instill fear Today there’s controversy about what the writers’ intent was and if intentions have been stretched. 2 nd Amendment -The right to bear arms

6. In peacetime we don’t have to shelter soldiers. It would take congressional action to authorize quartering soldiers. We have this b/c the Brits were using martial law and moving into colonists’ homes after the Stamp Act. Based on the Quartering Act… 3 rd Amendment - No forced housing of soldiers

7. No soldier or gov’t official can search or take property w/o good cause. Search warrant must be present. Judge must be convinced a search will produce evidence associated with a crime to grant a warrant. 4 th Amendment -no illegal searches or seizures -right to privacy (implied)

8. 5 th Amendment -due process – idea that all citizens are guaranteed fair treatment by the gov’t. the gov’t/law must follow established legal procedures (arrest, rights read, booked, informed of crime accused of, right to attorney…) -eminent domain – Power of the gov’t to take land from citizens when needed for public benefit as long as the citizen is compensated must pay fair price for land/property -grand jury – Type of jury that determines whether there is enough evidence to formally charge (indict) someone with the crime doesn’t determine guilt or innocence -no double jeopardy – one can’t be charged with the same crime after they have been found not guilty by a jury of that same crime -right to remain silent (to not incriminate one’s self: (“plead the 5 th ”) gov’t/law must follow established legal procedures (arrest, rights read, booked, informed of crime accused of, right to attorney… no matter who you are or what you are accused of) Cant be forced to testify against yourself.

9. 6 th Amendment -speedy public trial CRIMINAL CASES! -right to a lawyer Court case: Gideon v Wainwright – guarantees you a lawyer even if you can’t afford one - right to a jury trial (jury of your peers) -right to be informed of charges - right to question all witnesses RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL

10. Can opt out and get a trial by judge Why? Quicker, and the lawyer may feel that the judge’s decision will be better than what the accused might receive from a jury 7 th Amendment -Jury trial in all civil cases

11. 8 th Amendment -no excessive bails and fines Bail- sum of money used as a security deposit to insure accused shows up for trial If returned for trial, money is returned and if you don’t show, the money is kept and another charge of failure to appear is issued -no cruel and unusual punishments

12. *Called unwritten rights *The framers were not sure what would come up over time so they included a rather “vague” amendment. Includes: Right to marry whoever you choose Right to attend college of your choice ETC… 9 th Amendment - all rights not listed are still protected

13. -all powers not given to the National Gov’t are reserved for the states Called RESERVED powers or states’ powers!!! Anti-feds happy! Prevents Congress and president from becoming too strong! 10 th Amendment