1. Liberal Typologies

2. Origins §Three common elements l focus on input side attitudes, culture, roles, pol parties and linkages among all §Soc/pol divisions culturally defined §Normative concern: stability l dependent variables selected re stability

3. Questions §What is a typology? §Why use them?

4. Lijphart’s critique §Societal consensus not pre-req for stability §Elite values more interesting

5. Statist critique §Challenge Easton §From inputs to withinputs §functional/class divisions §rel power of functionally defined groups in state & society §look at variety of system performance l not just stability

6. Lange & Meadwell’s task §compare liberal and statist approaches & typologies §Argue that correlating typologies could tell us how to explain performance and the choices of citizens

7. Method §Typologies old-fashioned? §Don’t lose valuable post WWII data §define democracy §confine cases to advanced industrial

8. Five typologies §Liberal l Almond & Lijphart l Sartori l Powell §Pol Economy l Labour inclusion l Labour power

9. Lijphart §Cultural divisions §Reflects elite values brought to encounters §“Consociational”

10. Sartori §Beyond party systems to political systems? §Structure of party systems §Two predictors: ideology and fragmentation

11. Powell §Majorities produced? §Party-society linkage l mobilization, etc. §Extremist systems (15% vote) l corr with instability & rioting

12. Political economy §corporatist stabilization §bargaining power of labour l some systemic outcomes better explained by corporatism than by arrangements in parties-cabinet- leg nexus l party system in disarray, but system intact l corp may explain social peace

13. Analysis §explain why we have (a few) cases of corporatism with weak labour movements. Anomalies  Neths with high union centralization and low labour power/left presence l Theoretically possible to have strong labour and weak corporatism

14. Wage restraint §Short term sacrifice of wages in return for welfare gains in future §Explanations:  terms of the exchange itself  export dependent small economies have to be disciplined  organization of labour (peak assocs) l features of party system: eg social democratic party in power

15. Dependent variables §Stability l not promising §System performance §Pol outcomes l govt stability l pol violence

16. Pol-Econ outcomes §Positivist expectations remain (Keynesian) l growth l unemployment l inflation l strikes l govt borrowing