1. Industrialization (1865-1901)
Chapter 3
Industrialization
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2. Objectives
1) Students will explain patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets & trade, the growth of major urban areas, and describe the geographic considerations that led to specialized industries. (TN US 1)
2) Students will describe changes in life that resulted from the inventions and innovations of big business leaders of the period. (TN US 6)
3) Students will analyze the impact of natural resources on America’s industrial growth – specifically, the oil industry.

3. Essential Question:
WHAT FACTORS LED TO THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE LATE 1800S?

4. What is INDUSTRY? the use of machines and factories to produce goods
Industrialization = When society comes to rely on the modern means of production, it is known as industrialization.

5. Chapter 3 Lesson 1: Technology & Industrial Growth
Industrial Growth – What factors led to the expansion of industry?
1) Abundance of Natural Resources
Forests=Timber, Rivers=Shipping/transportation/power
Coal, Iron, Oil
2) Growing Workforce
Large #s of Immigrants from Europe – Cheap labor force
3) Innovations & inventions
Entrepreneurs develop new products
Government Policies encourage development
Laissez-faire capitalism – Business competition (or lack thereof)
4) Railroads
Connect the nation’s industries

6. Abundance of Natural Resources
Coal – coal mines in the East (Penn., Ohio)
Provided fuel/energy for steam locomotives and factories
Led to growth in railroads and industry
Iron
Used to make STEEL – stronger and lighter than iron; better for construction
Bessemer Process = purify iron by heating it up to release carbon and other impurities; quick, easy way to make IRON into STEEL
Building material for skyscrapers, elevators, and Bridges
Oil
Edwin Drake – first to drill for Oil in Pennsylvania, 1859
Oil drilling was cheap and efficient
Oil could be refined and turned into Kerosene (first major consumer use), machine oil, & lubricant

7. Natural Resources
Iron – Bessemer Process

8. IRON
Steel – The Brooklyn Bridge (1883); Longest Bridge in the world at that time

9. Natural Resources
Coal

10. Natural Resources
COAL

11. Natural Resources
Oil

12. Growing Workforce Growing labor supply for factories in cities
European & Asian Immigration
Why did large #s of immigrants migrate? - Push/Pull Factors
Push Factors = political unrest, religious discrimination, & crop failures (famine)
Pull Factors = JOBS, political & social freedoms
Provided businesses with a large labor supply (unskilled mostly)
Domestic Migration
American Farmers faced drought and low prices by end of 19th century; Many left farms and moved to cities looking for work in industry.

13. Innovation Drives the Nation
Entrepreneurs – people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit
Entrepreneurs invested in railroads, factories, and mines
This created jobs and attracted foreign investments
Innovation encouraged by government policies
Laissez-faire capitalism – “Let Them Be”; Less government intervention means more production
Patents were issued by the government to protect the ideas of inventors and entrepreneurs, in order to promote business growth and innovation
Protective tariffs – tax on imported goods; Tariffs were favored by Northern industrialists because if tariffs were high, then foreign products would cost more than American made goods. This benefited American manufacturers by encouraging American consumers to buy American-made products.
The government enforcing tariffs is known as “protectionism”

14. Innovations
Thomas Edison – “The Wizard of Menlo Park”

15. Innovations
Phonograph

16. Innovations
Alexander Graham BELL - Telephone

17. Innovations
Patents Issued in U.S.

18. Lesson 2 - Railroads Railroads Standard Time
Linked the nation – cheap, quick, and efficient form of transportation
New Innovations increased demand and use of Railroads
George Westinghouse – air brakes
Granville Woods – telegraph system
Gustavus Swift – Refrigerated railroad cars
Standard Time
Prior to “railroad time”, each community had their own “local time” based on the position of the sun; Trains were constantly late
24 time zones for world – adopted in 1884
4 time zones in U.S. – Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern

19. A Spiral Of Growth Railroad expansion led to Industrial expansion
Because they linked the nation, railroads allowed businesses to obtain raw materials and sell finished goods to more people
Factory production led to more factory production
MASS PRODUCTION – machines could produce more goods than ever before
More people to buy goods; More industries to use goods & transportation

20. The Impact of Industrialization
Linking World Markets
1880 – America is world’s leading exporter of grain, steel, & textiles
Changing American Society
Mechanized labor – less need for farm labor; moved to cities
City factory workers could now afford clothes & supplies, that they had to make for themselves before
Environment Changes
Depletion of Natural Resources
Soil Erosion
Strip mining