1. Artificial Transmutation The man made synthesis of radioactive isotopes Created via bombardment of atomic nuclei with high energy particles via a particle accelerator 1.Protons 2. Alpha Particles 3. Other Charged Nuclei Alpha, beta, and positron decay are natural transmutation

2. Particle Accelerators Two types 1. Cyclotron 2. Linear Accelerator Purpose is to give particles enough kinetic energy to overcome nuclear repulsion

3. Cyclotron

4. Linear Accelerator

5. What would happen if the Large Hadron Collider (a particle accelerator) produced a microsingularity (black hole)?

6. Be Equations 4 9 H+ 1 1  Li 3 6 +He 2 4 The sum of the subscripts and superscripts on the right and left must be equal Al 13 27 + He 2 4  P 15 30 + n 0 1 n 0 1 +Al 13 27  Na 11 24 + He 2 4

7. Nuclear Fission A heavy nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei with release of energy Mass is converted to energy (E = mc 2 ) n 0 1 U 92 235 +Kr 36 92  Ba 56 141 ++3n 0 1

8. Nuclear Fission Uncontrolled fission is an atomic bomb C ontrolled fission is a nuclear power plant

9. Chain Reaction

10. Nuclear Fusion Two lighter nuclei are fused to form a heavier nucleus The process that occurs in stars and thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) H 1 1 4 He 2 4  + e 0 2 + energy (E = mc 2 ) H 1 2 2  He 2 4 + energy (E = mc 2 )

11. Hydrogen Bomb Explosion

12. Uses of Radioisotopes T racers 1. Carbon-14 for photosynthesis 2. Iodine-131 for thyroid disorders 3. Technetium-99 for diagnosis of brain tumors 4. Carbon-13 for real-time brain imaging (PET Scan) 5. 1-4 all have short half-lives (Why is this important?)

13. Uses of Radioisotopes Radiation therapy for cancer Irradiation of food R adioactive dating 1. Carbon-14 for dating organic remains 2. Potassium-40 for dating rocks 3. Uranium-238 for determining the age of the earth

14. Dangers of Nuclear Materials Long half-lives nuclear waste products Radiation poisoning C ancer Nuclear Weapons