1. Biology-S
Open-Ended Review

2. Question 1 – Safety Rules
Wear protective equipment including goggles, aprons, and gloves
When using heat – always use tongs or heat gloves – never point heated objects towards people.
Waft to smell unknowns
No food or drink in the lab
Carry and use sharp objects (scalpel or scissors) appropriately

3. Question 2 – Diffusion and Osmosis
Osmosis – diffusion of water
Hypertonic – more solute outside the cell, water gets sucked out
Hypotonic – less solute outside the cell, water gets sucked in
Isotonic – concentration of solute is equal on both sides
Quick experiment – the gummy bear with the salt and plain water.

4. Question 3 – Cell Organelles
Cell membrane – monitors materials into and out of the cell
Active transport – move against a concentration gradient (pumps)
Passive transport – no energy required to move molecules
Facilitated diffusion (carrier proteins)
Channels

5. Question 4 - Genetics Homozygous dominant – RR (red)
Homozygous recessive – rr (white)
Heterozygous – Rr (red)
RR x RR (100% RR, 100% red)
rr x rr (100% rr, 100% white)
RR x rr (100% Rr, 100% red)
Rr x Rr (25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr, 75% red, 25% white)
RR x Rr (50% RR, 50% Rr, 100% red)
rr x Rr (50% Rr, 50% rr, 50% red, 50% white)

6. Question 5 – Base pairing rules
DNA to DNA
A=T, C=G
DNA to mRNA (creates codons)
A=U, C=G
mRNA to rRNA or tRNA (creates anticodons)

7. Question 5 – Determining amino acids
Using the mRNA codon
First letter = left side of table
Second letter = top of the table
Third letter = right side of the table

8. Question 5 – Protein Synthesis
Two steps
Transcription – mRNA copies DNA in the nucleus
Translation – mRNA carries information to the ribosomes where rRNA and tRNA translate the mRNA to obtain amino acids and build proteins

9. Question 6 – Prokaryote v. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
No defined nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Believed to be earliest known cells
Eukaryotes
Well defined nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Believed to have evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes

10. Question 7 – Well-designed experiment
Control – something to compared against (can be positive or negative)
Independent variable – variable that experimenter controls (example – time)
Dependent variable – variable that the experimenter is collecting data on (example – growth of a plant)

11. Question 8 – Macromolecules
Carbohydrates – used for energy
Lipids – long term energy storage, protective coating (wax)
Proteins – structure
Nucleic acid – information storage

12. Question 9 – Ecological interactions
Mutualism – everyone wins! All parties benefit (wrasse and pleny)
Commensalism – I win, you are neither helped nor harmed (barnacles on a whale)
Parasitism – I win, you lose! (tape worms, ring worms)

13. Question 10 – Food web Producers – photosynthetic organisms
Primary consumers – herbivores
Secondary consumers – carnivores
Higher order consumers – top predators (humans, eagles, lions etc.)

14. Question 11 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2
Reactants – carbon dioxide, water (in the presence of sunlight)
Products – glucose and oxygen
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O
Reactants – glucose and oxygen
Products – carbon dioxide and water
The products of photosynthesis “power” the process of cellular respiration which “powers” all the other processes that living things do!

15. Good Luck!
If you paid attention during this review and you look these questions over a couple of times …
You are prepared for the open-ended portion of the Biology-S exam!
12 questions  you pick 15.
Budget your time accordingly on test day.