1. Plagiarism and Citation: Parenthetical Citations
*When in doubt, cite.

2. Blatant Forms of Plagiarism
Stealing or buying another paper
Copying a friend’s paper
Taking whole paragraphs from another source.

3. Inadvertent Plagiarism
Lazy paraphrasing
Not citing sources
Quoting excessively (quotations should generally be 12 words or fewer)
Incorrect citations
Failing to use your own “voice” or style

4. School Consequences for Plagiarizing
1st offense:
F on the assignment
Parent contact
Report in your permanent file
2nd offense:
F in the class you plagiarized in.
This doesn’t have to be the 2nd offense in that class, just the 2nd one EVER.

5. Consequences Beyond HS
Colleges expel students for plagiarizing
Lose quarter/semester tuition
Need to reapply to colleges...with plagiarism on their record
NY Times reporter Jayson Blaire plagiarized many of his articles
Fired.
Tarnished the reputation of one of the most respected newspapers in the country.

6. How does your teacher know?
Don’t play around with it. It is not worth the risk. Know the rules. Play by the rules.
If you use someone else’s words, use quotation marks!
If you use someone else’s ideas, make the words your own!
Whether quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing...
CITE, CITE, CITE!

7. What do you need to cite? Direct quotations
Any information that is not common knowledge
Any paraphrased information
Any summarized information
IF YOU AREN’T SURE...
CITE!

8. Information that is not common knowledge
Common knowledge: Bellevue High School is in Bellevue, WA
Not common knowledge: Bellevue High School ranks 32nd on a list of the nation’s high schools (
General rule: if you can find the information in three sources AND you are fairly certain your readers know it, it is common knowledge.
When in doubt, though, CITE!

9. Paraphrasing Practice
In order to not plagiarize while paraphrasing, your work must differ in both word choice and syntax from the work you are paraphrasing. Try it on the passage below:
“Each scholarly field has its preferred style of guidelines for writing. MLA is widely used in humanities disciplines. Once you understand one style, it is easier to learn other styles for citations” (High School MLA 1).

10. Correct Paraphrasing
English, social studies, and other humanities disciplines use the MLA’s writing guidelines. While they do not apply in all disciplines, learning these guidelines can still help students, who will find it easier to learn a second method of citation once they’ve already mastered a first (High School MLA 45).

11. Kinds of Citations Parenthetical citation Bibliographic citation
A brief identification of source
Guides reader to correct source listing on Works Cited page
Bibliographic citation
Provides complete publication information
Listed alphabetically at the end of a paper
You must have BOTH!

12. Contents of Parenthetical Citation
The first element of the Works Cited citation
Page or paragraph number
NOTHING ELSE!!!!

13. Parenthetical Citation Practice
Milgram, Stanley. “The Perils of Obedience.” Harpers, 6 Dec. 1973: Page 66.
(Milgram 66)
Hurst, James. “The Scarlet Ibis.” Elements of Literature: Third Course. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Page 318.
(Hurst 318)
“The Nuremberg Trials.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 Aug <
(“The Nuremberg Trials”)
The Guardian, 4 Aug Dec <
(The Guardian)

14. Parenthetical Citation Placement: Paraphrase and Summary
The citation appears at the end of the sentence but inside the period
In the first chapter, George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks like an animal from what may be a stagnant pool of water.
In the first chapter, George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks like an animal from what may be a stagnant pool of water (Steinbeck 3).

15. Direct Quotation in the Middle of a Sentence
Note the citation appears at the end of the sentence but inside the period
George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse,” from a still pool of water.
George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse,” from a still pool of water (Steinbeck 3).

16. Direct Quotation at the End of a Sentence
The citation appears at the end of the sentence, outside the quotation marks but inside the period
No period inside the quotation marks
George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks from a still pool of water “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse.”
George watches disapprovingly as Lennie drinks from a still pool of water “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse” (Steinbeck 3).

17. Direct Quotation at the End of a Question
The citation appears at the end of the sentence, outside the quotation marks but inside the period!
No period inside the quotation marks
Why is Lennie described as drinking “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse” ?
Why is Lennie described as drinking “with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse” (Steinbeck 3)?

18. Direct Quotation: Question at the End of a Sentence
Note the citation appears at the end of the sentence, outside the quotation marks but inside the period!
If the quotation itself ends with a ? or !, keep that inside the quotation marks and include a period after the citation!
Although George seems to have answered repeatedly, Lennie continues to ask, “Where we goin’, George?”
Although George seems to have answered repeatedly, Lennie continues to ask, “Where we goin’, George?” (Steinbeck 4).